SynthesisAnnals of medicine2025
Risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in Annals of medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 33 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
33 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Co-managing the double burden: strategies for simultaneously tackling infectious and non-communicable diseases.Infectious diseases of poverty · 2026Pooled it
- Cumulative Metformin Use and Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk After HCV SVR: A Multicentre Cohort Study.Liver international : official journal of the International Association for the Study of the Liver · 2026Article
- The preventable burden of tobacco-attributable cancer incidence in Catalonia (Spain) in 2024: a Bayesian approach.Clinical & translational oncology : official publication of the Federation of Spanish Oncology Societies and of the National Cancer Institute of Mexico · 2026Article
- Decoding the functional landscape of long non-coding RNAs in hepatocellular carcinoma: molecular mechanisms, clinical implications, and therapeutic prospects.Journal of the Egyptian National Cancer Institute · 2026Review
- Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Probe-Labeled Nanotheranostics: A Mini-Review.Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Functional cure for chronic hepatitis B on hepatocellular carcinoma prevention: Evidence and clinical implications.iLIVER · 2026Review
- Article
- Association of Statin Use with Reduced Primary Liver Cancer Risk, Independent of Age and Cirrhosis Protection in MASLD.Cancers · 2026Article
- The State of the Art in Combination Locoregional and Systemic Treatment Strategies for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Recent Advancements and Future Horizons.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Review
- ICMT deficiency ameliorates weight loss and mortality, but not tumor formation in a mouse model of liver cancer.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Xanthophyll-Rich Extracts fromNutrients · 2026Article
- Integrated spatial and single-cell transcriptomics reveals RPL8 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target in hepatocellular carcinoma.Translational oncology · 2026Article
- Prognostic significance of fibroblast senescence and senescence-associated secretory phenotype factor expression in the tumor microenvironment of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Oncology reports · 2026Article
- Recent trends in lipid metabolism research in liver cancer: a bibliometric analysis.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Article
- Long-Term Outcome of No-Touch Radiofrequency Ablation for Treating AFP-Positive Small Hepatocellular Carcinoma.Journal of hepatocellular carcinoma · 2026Article
- TUBB2A expression and its prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma revealed by cholesterol-metabolism-related gene profiling.Frontiers in molecular biosciences · 2026Article
- Albiflorin enhances the antitumor effects of propofol in hepatocellular carcinoma cells by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling activation.Translational cancer research · 2025Article
- Prospective associations of diabetes with 15 cancers in 2.2 million UK and Chinese adults.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2025Article
- Integrating CTLA-4 Genetics and Soluble Isoforms for the Stratification of HCV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma Risk and Aggressiveness.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of liver cancer attributable to hepatitis B virus among middle-aged and older adults from 1990 to 2021 and projections to 2035: results of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.Journal of gastrointestinal oncology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNumerous meta-analyses have identified various risk factors for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), prompting a comprehensive study to synthesize evidence quality and strength.
methodsThis umbrella review of meta-analyses was conducted throughout PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, and Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. Evidence strength was evaluated according to the evidence categories criteria.
resultsWe identified 101 risk factors throughout 175 meta-analyses. 31 risk factors were classified as evidence levels of class I, II, or III. HBV and HCV infections increase HCC risk by 12.5-fold and 11.2-fold, respectively. These risks are moderated by antiviral treatments and virological responses but are exacerbated by higher HBsAg levels, anti-HBc positivity, and co-infection. Smoking, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diabetes, low platelet, elevated liver enzymes and liver fluke infection increase HCC risk, while coffee consumption, a healthy diet, and bariatric surgery lower it. Medications like metformin, glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), aspirin, statins, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors reduce HCC risk, while acid suppressive agents, particularly proton pump inhibitors, elevate it. Blood type O reduces the risk of HCC, while male gender and older age increase the risk.
conclusionsHBV and HCV are major HCC risk factors, with risk mitigation through antiviral treatments. Lifestyle habits such as smoking and alcohol use significantly increase HCC risk, highlighting the importance of cessation. Certain drugs like aspirin, statins, GLP-1 RAs, and metformin may reduce HCC occurrence, but further research is needed to confirm these effects.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.