Observational studySpine2025
Global, Regional, and National Burden of Low Back Pain: Findings From the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021 and Projections to 2050.
Observational study in Spine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT07719452 (The Effect of Adding Lumbar Extension Strengthening to a Program of Manual Therapy & Motor Control Exercise in Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain), which is not on this map. Cited by 35 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
The Effect of Adding Lumbar Extension Strengthening to a Program of Manual Therapy & Motor Control Exercise in Individuals With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Randomized Control Trial
Who cites it
35 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Evaluating the effectiveness of six exercise interventions for low back pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2025Pooled it
- Mind over pain: VR-based hypnotherapy for chronic non-specific low back pain - a randomised controlled trial.Irish journal of medical science · 2026Trial
- Tuina Alleviates Pain Associated with Lumbar Disc Herniation by Regulating Functional Connectivity Between Inferior Frontal Triangularis and Multiple Brain Networks: A Randomized Controlled fMRI Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Trial
- ACSL4-Dependent Lysosomal Lipid Peroxidation Links WTAP-Mediated mAdvanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Unilateral Balance, Muscular Strength, Foot Arch Status, and Physical Performance in Young Adults with and Without Low Back Pain.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Multidisciplinary expert consensus on clinical diagnosis and therapies for low back pain.Bone research · 2026Article
- Evaluating Interface Pressure Distribution and Range of Motion in a Mesh-Structure 3D-Printed Lumbar Brace.Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Association Between Body Composition, Muscle-to-Weight Ratio, and Functional Disability in Patients with Chronic Non-Specific Low Back Pain: A Cross-Sectional Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Observational
- Pain Resilience Therapy vs. Pain Neuroscience Education for Adults with Chronic Low Back Pain: Secondary Analysis of Data from a Randomized Controlled Trial of Risk and Resilience Factors.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Balancing accuracy and efficiency in lumbar spine image segmentation using multi-scale attention and residual learning.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Diagnostic Features of Discogenic Low Back Pain: A Narrative Review and Suggested Areas for Future Research and Clinical Practice.JOR spine · 2026Review
- Prevalence and Patterns of Multi-Site Musculoskeletal Disorders Among Occupational Populations in Key Industries - China, 2018-2023.China CDC weekly · 2026Article
- Failed back surgery syndrome after non-instrumented lumbar surgery: Clinical report of a Tertiary care neurosurgical center.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2026Article
- Current Perspective on Orthobiology Applications for the Treatment of Intervertebral Disc Degeneration (IDD)-A Narrative Review.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Review
- Machine learning-based prediction of disability in subacute low back pain: a primary care study on clinical and psychosocial determinants.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Observational
- Evaluating the impact of body-mass index on short- and medium-term outcomes after lumbar endoscopic decompression surgery: a single‑surgeon, multi‑hospital cohort study.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2026Article
- Functional lifting assessment for determining impairment in low back pain patients compared with asymptomatic controls.Frontiers in sports and active living · 2026Article
- Article
- Neck and Low Back Pain in China and Globally: Divergent Trends Among Women of Reproductive Age-An Analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2023.Orthopedic research and reviews · 2026Article
- Receiving preferred treatments may improve low back pain outcomes: a non-randomized comparative study.Frontiers in pain research (Lausanne, Switzerland) · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
STUDY
designThis was an observational study.
objectiveAssessing the global burden of disease for low back pain (LBP) using the 2021 GBD (Global Burden of Disease) database. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: LBP is a leading cause of workforce loss and disability. With societal aging and changes in lifestyle and work habits, the incidence of LBP is expected to rise. This study comprehensively analyzes the epidemiological trends of global LBP from 1990 to 2021.
methodsData publicly available from the 2021 GBD study were utilized, and a systematic analysis was conducted to assess the global burden and epidemiological trends of LBP.
resultsFrom 1990 to 2021, the age-standardized prevalence, incidence, and Years Lived with Disability (YLD) rates of LBP have slightly declined globally. However, the number of affected individuals, new cases, and YLD numbers have significantly increased, making LBP a leading cause of YLD in 2021. The number of affected individuals increases with age, peaking in both men and women between the ages of 50 and 54. Worldwide, women have a higher prevalence of LBP than men, and this increases with age, with both sexes reaching peak prevalence between 80 and 84 years in 2021. Overall, over the past 3 decades, age-standardized YLD rates have shown a positive correlation with the Socio-demographic Index (SDI). In terms of region and nation, Tropical Latin America and Kingdom of Sweden have seen the greatest increase in age-standardized prevalence rates from 1990 to 2021.
conclusionGlobally, LBP remains a notable public health concern, carrying a consistently high burden. To alleviate the future impact of this disease, it is imperative to increase public awareness regarding its risk factors and to implement preventive measures.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.