Mediation of the effect of prenatal maternal smoking on time to natural menopause in daughters by birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score and breastfeeding duration: analysis of two UK birth cohorts born in 1958 and 1970.

Darina Peycheva, Leah Li, Mary Fewtrell, Richard Silverwood, Rebecca Hardy

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Article in BMC women's health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

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Leveraging self attention driven gated recurrent unit with crocodile optimization algorithm for cyberattack detection using federated learning framework.Scientific reports · 2025
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5 authors.

Darina PeychevaInstitute of Epidemiology and Health Care, University College London (UCL), London, WC1E 7HB, UK. d.peycheva@ucl.ac.uk.

Leah LiGOS Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK.

Mary FewtrellGOS Institute of Child Health, UCL, London, UK.

Richard SilverwoodSocial Research Institute, UCL, London, UK.

Rebecca HardySchool of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPrenatal maternal smoking, lower birthweight, and shorter breastfeeding duration have all been associated with an earlier age at menopause in daughters. We estimated the extent to which birthweight-for-gestational-age z-score and breastfeeding duration mediate the effect of prenatal maternal smoking on time to natural menopause in daughters.

methodsUsing pooled data from two prospective birth cohort studies - the 1970 British Cohort Study (n = 3,878) followed-up to age 46 years and the 1958 National Child Development Study (n = 4,822) followed-up to age 50 years - we perform mediation analysis with inverse odds weighting implemented in Cox proportional-hazards models.

resultsPrenatal maternal smoking was associated with lower birthweight z-scores [β: -0.29; 95% CI -0.34, -0.24] and reduced breastfeeding duration [RRR

conclusionsThe consequences of smoking during pregnancy on the earlier experience of natural menopause in daughters may partly be offset by intrauterine growth and longer breastfeeding duration to the extent that they mediate the risk of earlier menopause. However, since the extent of mediation by birthweight z-score and breastfeeding duration is small, other factors, including the direct effect of maternal smoking in utero, may play a more important role.

Indexed as

Birth WeightBreast FeedingMenopausePrenatal Exposure Delayed EffectsSmokingAdultBirth CohortCohort StudiesFemaleGestational AgeHumansMiddle AgedNuclear FamilyPregnancyProspective StudiesTime FactorsBirth cohortBirthweightBreastfeedingCausal mediation analysisInverse odds weightingLongitudinalMenopauseSmoking during pregnancy

Identifiers

PMID39849467

DOI10.1186/s12905-025-03556-y

PMCPMC11756059

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