ArticleVaccines2025
Influenza Immunization in Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants: Epidemiology and Long-Term Outcomes.
Article in Vaccines, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Different ranibizumab dosages for retinopathy of prematurity: 5-year follow-up data of the randomised, controlled CARE-ROP Study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2025Trial
- Risk factors and outcomes of delayed completion of the hexavalent 3 + 1 immunisation series in German preterm infants - an observational study.Molecular and cellular pediatrics · 2026Article
- Perinatal Antibiotic Exposure and Respiratory Outcomes in Children Born Preterm.JAMA network open · 2025Article
- Insufficient immune protection in preterm infants due to delayed or incomplete hexavalent vaccination.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
19 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundVery-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWIs; birth weight < 1500 g) are at an increased risk of complicated influenza infection, which frequently includes pneumonia, encephalitis or even death. Data on influenza immunization and its outcome in VLBWIs are scarce. This study aimed to provide epidemiological data on influenza immunization for German VLBWIs and hypothesized that immunization would protect VLBWIs from infection-mediated neurodevelopmental impairment and preserves lung function at early school age.
methodsIn this observational population-based German Neonatal Network (GNN) study, infants born between 2009 and 2015 were invited to partake in a 6-year follow-up investigation including lung function and developmental testing. Uni- and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the clinical characteristics and outcomes of influenza-immunized VLBWIs compared to non-immunized VLBWIs.
resultsInfluenza immunization was performed in 871 out of the 3358 VLBWIs (26%) with six-year follow-up. Immunized infants were characterized by a low gestational age and higher rates of morbidity, particularly bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Although early immunization showed no safety signals and had protective effects on the long-term risk of bronchitis (OR: 0.2; CI: 0.1-0.6;
conclusionsInfluenza immunization was not associated with improved lung function (forced expiratory volume in one second and forced vital capacity) or a better neurocognitive outcome (intelligence quotient and strengths and difficulties questionnaire) at early school age. In Germany, only one quarter of 6-year-old VLBWIs were immunized against influenza, particularly those born <28 gestational weeks and/or BPD. Specific influenza immunization guidelines that define evidence-based recommendations are needed for this vulnerable group.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.