Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39857941›Full record

ReviewChildren (Basel, Switzerland)2025

Severe Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Children with Type 1 Diabetes: Ongoing Challenges in Care.

Simone Foti Randazzese, Mariarosaria La Rocca, Bruno Bombaci, Alessandra Di Pisa, Elèna Giliberto, Teresa Inturri, Daniel Militi, Fortunato Lombardo, Eloisa Gitto, Giuseppina Salzano and 1 more

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Children (Basel, Switzerland), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Simone Foti RandazzeseDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-7084-5605
Mariarosaria La RoccaDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Bruno BombaciDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-8664-1025
Alessandra Di PisaDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Elèna GilibertoDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Teresa InturriDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Daniel MilitiDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Fortunato LombardoDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Eloisa GittoDepartment of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Neonatal and Pediatric Intensive Care Unit, University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Giuseppina SalzanoDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.
Stefano PassanisiDepartment of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "G. Barresi", University of Messina, 98122 Messina, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-4369-7798

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Diabetic ketoacidosis is the most common acute complication in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes, and contributes significantly to morbidity, mortality, and healthcare burden. This review aims to explore the multifaceted aspects of severe diabetic ketoacidosis in pediatric age, including its epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, complications and emphasizing advances in prevention strategies. Incidence rates vary due to influences from geographic, socioeconomic, cultural and demographic factors. Pathogenesis is linked to insulin deficiency and an excess of counter-regulatory hormones, which disrupt glucose, protein, and lipid metabolism, causing hyperglycemia, ketosis, acidosis, dehydration, and electrolyte imbalances. According to the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes guidelines, severe diabetic ketoacidosis is characterized by a pH < 7.1 or bicarbonate < 5 mmol/L. This condition can lead to a wide range of life-threatening complications, including cerebral edema that represents the leading cause of death. Several prevention strategies, including awareness campaigns, early diagnosis of diabetes, regular monitoring and management, effective insulin therapy, education, access to healthcare and technological assistance, may contribute to reduce the risk of severe diabetic ketoacidosis episodes in children and adolescents.

Indexed as

complicationsincidenceintensive care unitpediatricspreventionrisk factors

Identifiers

PMID39857941
PMCPMC11763767

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.