ArticleEuropean journal of clinical nutrition2025
Prospective association between breakfast consumption frequency and BMI z-score among European school-aged children. The Feel4Diabetes Study.
Article in European journal of clinical nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
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Authors and funding
16 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe long-term effects of breakfast on childhood z-BMI remain inconclusive.
objectiveTo prospectively assess the impact of stable and altered breakfast consumption habits on z-BMI change over two years, in school-aged children across six European countries.
methodsData of 6,528 children (8.2 ± 1.0 years, 48.9% male) from the Feel4Diabetes study were used. Children's lifestyle behaviors, including breakfast frequency, were assessed through parent-reported questionnaires. Weight and height were objectively measured and converted to z-BMI. Participants were categorized into trajectories combining breakfast consumption habit (i.e., regular consumption, irregular consumption or omission) at baseline and follow up. Logistic regression analyzed the prospective association between breakfast trajectories and z-BMI increase, with adjustment for demographic and lifestyle variables.
resultsA statistically significant effect of breakfast trajectories was observed in z-BMI, both at baseline and follow up. Stable skippers was the only trajectory that showed a significant increase in BMI z-score from baseline to follow up (0.891 ± 1.058 vs. 1.034 ± 1.072 respectively, p < 0.05). BMI z-score at follow up of regular eaters (0.615 ± 0.967) was significantly lower, compared to both irregular eaters (1.229 ± 0.890) and stable skippers (both p < 0.05). Stable regular consumption and transition from omission to regular consumption were independently associated with significantly lower risk of z-BMI gain, compared to stable omission [OR, 95% CI: 0.55 (0.31, 0.97), p = 0.039 and 0.43 (0.21, 0.88), p = 0.021 respectively].
conclusionStable regular breakfast consumption or transition from omission to regular consumption seem to contribute to superior weight regulation in children and to independently protect against z-BMI gain, compared to stable omission. Further studies are warranted to extend the evidence on the breakfast habit-BMI association among children.
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Registered trials
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