Integrative multi-omics analysis reveals the translational landscape of the plant-parasitic nematode Meloidogyne incognita.

Root-knot nematodes (RKNs) of the genus Meloidogyne pose the most significant threats to global food security due to their destructive nature as plant-parasitic nematodes. Although significant attention has been devoted to investigating the gene transcription profiling of RKNs, our understanding of the translational landscape of RKNs remains limited. In this study, we elucidated the translational landscape of Meloidogyne incognita through the integration of translatome, transcriptome and quantitative proteome analyses. Our findings revealed numerous previously unannotated translation events and refined the genome annotation. By investigating the genome-wide translational dynamics of M. incognita during parasitism, we revealed that the genes of M. incognita undergo parasitic stage-specific regulation at the translational level. Interestingly, we identified 470 micropeptides (containing fewer than 100 amino acids) with the potential to function as effectors. Additionally, we observed that the effector-coding genes in M. incognita exhibit higher translation efficiency (TE). Further analysis suggests that M. incognita has the potential to regulate the TE of effector-coding genes without simultaneous alterations in their transcript abundance, facilitating effector synthesis. Collectively, our study provides comprehensive datasets and explores the genome-wide translational landscape of M. incognita, shedding light on the contributions of translational regulation during parasitism.