ReviewFrontiers in immunology2024
Immune dynamics throughout life in relation to sex hormones and perspectives gained from gender-affirming hormone therapy.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2024. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Breast Implant Illness: Symptoms, Outcomes with Explantation and Potential Etiologies-A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Aesthetic plastic surgery · 2025Pooled it
- Surgical impact of laparoscopic and laparotomic elective ovariectomy on inflammatory and oxidative stress biomarkers in anestrus dogs.Veterinary surgery : VS · 2026Trial
- Positive association between sex hormones and inflammatory cytokines in trauma-exposed premenopausal women.Brain, behavior, & immunity - health · 2026Article
- The HIV Reservoir and Immune Landscape Across the Life Course of Women: Implications for Cure Strategies.American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989) · 2026Review
- Sex matters: mechanistic insights into sex-driven patterns of autoimmunity and implications for pharmacotherapy.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2026Review
- Sex differences in immune modulation: implications for infection, inflammation, and nutritional supplementation.Biology of sex differences · 2026Review
- Knowledge gaps and research priorities to understand sex differences in immunity.PLoS biology · 2026Review
- Impact of testosterone-based gender-affirming hormone therapy on toll-like receptor transcript levels and peripheral blood leukocyte counts in transmasculine individuals.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Observational
- High prevalence of gonadal dysfunction in pediatric sarcoma survivors: insights from hormonal and clinical markers.Frontiers in pediatrics · 2026Article
- Grand challenges in sex differences in immunology: problems the field must solve before biological sex can guide clinical practice.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Impact of menopausal hormone therapy on influenza complications in women: a systematic assessment study.Annals of medicine · 2025Article
- Increased Prevalence of Insulin Resistance and Metabolic Syndrome in Men With Early-Onset Androgenetic Alopecia: A Case-Control Study.Journal of cosmetic dermatology · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Autoimmune Multimorbidity Across Eleven Disorders: A Real-World Primary Care Study in Germany.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoporosis as Prototypes of Immunosenescence in Osteoimmunology: Molecular Pathways of Inflammaging and Targeted Therapies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Parathyroidectomy Positively Modulates Systemic Inflammation and Nutritional Status: Immune-Inflammation Index and Prognostic Nutritional Index in Primary Hyperparathyroidism.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
- Sex Differences in Immune Responses to Infectious Diseases: The Role of Genetics, Hormones, and Aging.Diseases (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
- Gene Expression Changes as Biomarkers of Immunosenescence in Bulgarian Individuals of Active Age.Biomedicines · 2025Article
- Autoimmune disease: genetic susceptibility, environmental triggers, and immune dysregulation. Where can we develop therapies?Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
- Clinical features and prognosis of NMOSD patients with positive autoimmune antibodies.Frontiers in neurology · 2025Article
- The Ability of Neonatal Mice to Develop Immunity toJournal of cellular immunology · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Biological sex is closely associated with the properties and extent of the immune response, with males and females showing different susceptibilities to diseases and variations in immunity. Androgens, predominantly in males, generally suppress immune responses, while estrogens, more abundant in females, tend to enhance immunity. It is also established that sex hormones at least partially explain sex biases in different diseases, particularly autoimmune diseases in females. These differences are influenced by hormonal, genetic, and environmental factors, and vary throughout life stages. The advent of gender-affirming hormone therapy offers a novel opportunity to study the immunological effects of sex hormones. Despite the limited studies on this topic, available research has revealed that testosterone therapy in transgender men may suppress certain immune functions, such as type I interferon responses, while increasing inflammation markers like TNF-α. Transgender women on estrogen therapy also experience alterations in coagulation-related and inflammatory characteristics. Furthermore, other possible alterations in immune regulation can be inferred from the assessment of inflammatory and autoimmune markers in transgender individuals receiving hormone therapy. Understanding the complex interactions between sex hormones and the immune system, particularly through the unique perspective offered by gender-affirming hormone therapies, may facilitate the development of targeted therapies for infections and autoimmune diseases while also improving healthcare outcomes for transgender individuals. Here we review immune dynamics throughout life in both sexes and provide a summary of novel findings drawn from studies exploring gender-affirming hormone therapy.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.