ArticleArchives of toxicology2025
Toxicokinetics and analytical toxicology of the phenmetrazine-derived new psychoactive substance 3,4-methylenedioxyphenmetrazine studied by means of in vitro systems.
Article in Archives of toxicology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
What it found
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The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Human serum-supplemented cell culture conditions improve xenobiotic metabolism in hepatoma cell lines HepG2 and Huh7.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
- Bioactivation and Metabolism of Amino Acid MDMA Prodrugs in Zebrafish Embryos, Human Liver S9, Whole Blood, and Microdosed Human Urine.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
- Toxicokinetic Studies of the Two Stimulants M-ALPHA andMetabolites · 2026Article
- In vitro toxicokinetics and metabolic profiling of methoxycathinones and methylthiocathinones using human liver systems and hyphenated mass spectrometry.Archives of toxicology · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Compounds derived from known drugs are usually brought on the new psychoactive substance (NPS) market without any previous toxicological risk assessment. The European Union Drugs Agency issued an EU early notification for 3,4-methylenedioxyphenmetrazine (MDPM) in 2024. It is structurally related to the stimulants amphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), and phenmetrazine and expected to have similar effects. So far, no scientific reports are available describing its toxicokinetic and analytical profile. This study aimed to provide such data to allow a thorough risk assessment and to ease its analytical detectability in forensic and clinical toxicology and doping control. Data reported include the in vitro plasma protein binding, the in vitro half-life and in vitro metabolism of MDPM by human liver microsomes and S9 fraction (pHLS9) and by HepaRG cells. A monooxygenase mapping and the in vitro cytochrome P450 inhibition of MDPM was elucidated. Results showed that HepaRG cells and pHLS9 formed the same MDPM metabolites via demethylenation and O-methylation and that MDPM has a low plasma protein binding and is a low-turnover drug. Monooxygenase mapping revealed that the demethylenation was exclusively CYP2D6-mediated. MDPM showed strong inhibition of CYP2D6 and moderate inhibition of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. Polymorphisms or the simultaneous intake of substances that are also CYP2D6 substrates can have a considerable impact on the toxicity of MDPM. Based on in vitro data, the demethylenyl-methyl metabolite of MDPM and the parent compound are recommended as analytical urine screening targets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.