Observational studyScientific reports2025
Global trends and epidemiological impact of metabolic risk factors on atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter from 1990 to 2021.
Observational study in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed.
- Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter in China: trends and projections to 2050 from GBD 2023.Internal and emergency medicine · 2026Article
- Gut microbiota-activated PLCγ2 monocytes drive atrial fibrillation.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Comprehensive Analysis of Atrial Fibrillation/Atrial Flutter Burden in the United States and the European Union: A Comparison and Assessment of Trends and Risk Factors.Journal of cardiovascular development and disease · 2026Article
- Forecasting Vascular Risk Factors in Young Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Two-Decade Perspective From Spain.European journal of neurology · 2026Article
- Shifting global landscape of BMI-related atrial fibrillation: a 50-year trend and projection analysis.Journal of health, population, and nutrition · 2025Article
- Diagnostic heterogeneity and healthcare disparities: an underestimated source of bias in atrial fibrillation global burden estimates.Europace : European pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac electrophysiology : journal of the working groups on cardiac pacing, arrhythmias, and cardiac cellular electrophysiology of the European Society of Cardiology · 2025Article
- Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases attributable to metabolic risks across all age groups from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of the 2021 global burden of disease study data.BMC public health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Atrial fibrillation (AF) and atrial flutter (AFL) are cardiac arrhythmias associated with high morbidity and mortality. This cross-sectional observational study assesses the epidemiological burden of AF/AFL concerning metabolic risk factors using the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 database. Age-standardized disability-adjusted life years rate (ASDR), mortality, and estimated annual percentage change were calculated. The Bayesian Age-Period-Cohort model was utilized to predict future trends in ASDR and age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR) for AF/AFL 2030. Between 1990 and 2021, ASDR rose from 34.22 to 34.94, whereas ASMR increased from 1.46 to 1.50 per 100,000 people. High/high-middle Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) regions showed decreasing trends in ASDR and ASMR, whereas low and middle SDI regions showed increasing trends. In 2021, the highest ASDR and ASMR were recorded in Australasia, North America, and Western Europe, with significant country-level variability. Projections indicate a declining trend in ASMR and stable ASDR through 2030. The global rise in AF/AFL attributable to metabolic risk factors necessitates comprehensive and region-specific public health strategies. Further research is warranted to develop and implement effective measures to mitigate these conditions and improve cardiovascular health outcomes worldwide.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.