Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39915852›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of retina and vitreous2025

Tear glucose is associated with the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy.

Ningyao Cao, Lili Feng, Wei Xu, Fanglin He, Caiwen Xiao, Yan Liu, Weirong Xu, Jingjing Cui, Yuqian Guo, Lianqing Yao and 5 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of retina and vitreous, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

15 authors.

Ningyao Cao *Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Lili Feng *Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Wei Xu *Department of Cooperation and Exchange, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Fanglin He *Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Caiwen XiaoDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Yan LiuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Weirong XuDepartment of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Jingjing CuiDepartment of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China.
Yuqian GuoDepartment of General Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Lianqing YaoDepartment of Ophthalmology & Otolaryngology, Qiaojia County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Zhaotong, Yunnan, China.
Wenwen XiaDepartment of Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
Fei Chen *Department of Anesthesiology and Operating Room, The Ninth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China. CHENF2106@sh9hospital.org.cn.
Yong Li *Department of Ophthalmology, The Calmette Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, No. 1228 Beijing Road, Panlong District, Kunming, 650021, Yunnan, China. liyong@kmmu.edu.cn.
Chuandi Zhou *Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China. chuandi.zhou@shgh.cn.
Xiaofang Xu *Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, No. 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, China. xuxu0139@hotmail.com.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82471104, 82471125Natural Science Foundation of Yunnan Province 202401AY070001-280Shanghai Rising Stars of Medical Talent Youth Development Program SHWSRS [2022-65]Shanghai Science and Technology Development Foundation 22QA1407500The Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai 17DZ2260100
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeTo examine the association between tear glucose (TG) and the presence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

methodsA cross-sectional study. TG was examined by rapid qualitative test strip in 160 patients. The severity of DR was graded as mild DR and severe DR. The presence and severity of DR were compared between patients with positive and negative TG. The association of TG with the presence and the severity of DR was estimated by multivariable regression analysis and spearman's rank correlation test, respectively. The performance of TG to detect DR was evaluated by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve.

resultsIn this study, 160 patients were included, with a median age of 64.0 years, and 88 (55.0%) patients were males. A total of 91 (56.9%) patients had positive TG, and 69 (43.1%) patients had negative TG. In TG-positive group, 41 (45.1%) patients were diagnosed with DR, among them, 8 (19.5%) patients had mild DR, and 33 (80.5%) patients were afflicted with severe DR. Multivariable logistic regression indicated that the presence of DR positively correlated with the presence of positive TG (odds ratio [OR], 3.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.56-8.40; p < 0.01), longer duration of diabetes (OR, 1.11; 95% CI 1.06-1.17; p < 0.01) and higher HbA1c (OR, 1.25; 95% CI 1.01-1.54; p = 0.03). Moreover, Spearman's correlation analysis suggested that the grading of TG increased with the severity of DR (r

conclusionTG level was associated with the presence and the severity of DR. TG might be an easy-to-use, non-invasive parameter to the screening and monitoring of DR among patients with diabetes.

Indexed as

Cross-sectional studyDiabetesDiabetic retinopathyTear glucose

Identifiers

PMID39915852
PMCPMC11800454

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.