ArticlePsychological medicine2025
28 days later: A prospective daily study on psychological well-being across the menstrual cycle and the effects of hormones and oral contraceptives.
Article in Psychological medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Genistein Reduces Anxiety-like Behavior During Metestrus-Diestrus Phase Without Changing Estradiol or Progesterone Levels in Wistar Rats.Metabolites · 2025Article
- Exercise and physical activity changes during the menstrual cycle in users of the Flo app.Women's health (London, England)Article
- Perspectives of Indian adolescent girls in promoting menstrual health: A qualitative analysis.Women's health (London, England)Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe aimed to study how hormonal status (oral contraceptive [OC] users vs naturally cycling [NC]) affects different dimensions and variability of psychological well-being, and how they relate to sex hormone levels (estradiol, progesterone, and testosterone).
methodsTwenty-two NC participants and 18 OC users reported daily affective and physical symptoms and collected daily salivary samples across 28 days. Groups were compared using psychological well-being averages (linear mixed models), day-to-day variability (Levene's test), and network models. Within NC participants, cycle phase effects and time-varying associations between hormones and psychological well-being were assessed using both person-centered mean and change (subtracting mean from daily score) scores.
resultsLowered variability was found for OC users' agitation, risk-taking, attractiveness, and energy levels. They showed lower overall ratings of happiness, attractiveness, risk-taking, and energy levels (range
conclusionsOur results confirm that hormonal status is associated with a range of psychological well-being domains beyond mood and sexual desire, including energy levels, feelings of attractiveness, risk taking, and agitation. Lowered variability in OC users versus NC participants fit with 'emotional blunting' as a possible mechanism behind OC's side effects. Our findings that show the menstrual cycle and sex hormones differentially influenced markers of psychological well-being emphasize the need to adequately account for the menstrual cycle.
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Registered trials
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