Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39929979›Full record

ArticleScientific reports2025

Association between glycated hemoglobin A1c levels, control status, and cognitive function in type 2 diabetes: a prospective cohort study.

Yanhua Xiao, Xuezhi Hong, Ranjana Neelagar, Hanyou Mo

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 15 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
15citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

15 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Yanhua Xiao *Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
Xuezhi Hong *Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China.
Ranjana NeelagarHiller Research Unit, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Medical Faculty of Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
Hanyou MoDepartment of Rheumatology and Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, No 6 Shuangyong Road, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi, People's Republic of China. mohanyou@hotmail.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Cognitive impairment (CI) is a common complication in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but its relationship with long-term glycemic control remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the associations between mean hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, HbA1c control status, HbA1c fluctuations, and CI in Chinese adults aged 45 years and older with T2DM using data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). A total of 797 participants with HbA1c measurements from 2011 to 2015 and cognitive function assessments in 2018 were included. Logistic regression models and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis were applied, adjusting for potential confounders. Higher mean HbA1c levels (≥ 9%) were significantly associated with an increased risk of CI, particularly in global cognition and episodic memory (OR 4.03 (1.45-11.20) for global cognition; OR 2.92 (1.02-8.38) for episodic memory). RCS analysis revealed a U-shaped relationship between mean HbA1c and CI, indicating that both excessively low and high HbA1c levels elevate CI risk. Uncontrolled HbA1c levels (≥ 8%) were also linked to higher CI risk compared to stable HbA1c levels. Maintaining HbA1c levels below 8% may significantly reduce CI risk in T2DM patients, highlighting the importance of personalized glycemic management.

Indexed as

CognitionCognitive DysfunctionDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycated HemoglobinAgedChinaFemaleHumansLongitudinal StudiesMaleMiddle AgedProspective StudiesRisk FactorsGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanCognitive impairmentGlycemic controlHbA1c fluctuationsMean HbA1cType 2 diabetes mellitus

Identifiers

PMID39929979
PMCPMC11811129

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.