Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39930141›Full record

ArticleNature medicine2025

A potent epigenetic editor targeting human PCSK9 for durable reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels.

Frederic Tremblay, Qiang Xiong, Shrijal S Shah, Chih-Wei Ko, Kenneth Kelly, Mary S Morrison, Cristiana Giancarlo, Ricardo N Ramirez, Erica M Hildebrand, Sarah B Voytek and 18 more

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Nature medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
59citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

59 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Review
  5. Targeting mNature communications · 2026
    Article
  6. Review
  7. Lipid lowering in coronary artery disease - not just statins.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2026
    Review
  8. Article
  9. Article
  10. Article
  11. Cytosine base editing of LPA in transgenic mice averts large deletions.Molecular therapy : the journal of the American Society of Gene Therapy · 2026
    Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Clinical translation of epigenome editing technologies.Current opinion in biomedical engineering · 2026
    Article
  15. Article
  16. Review
  17. Article
  18. Review
  19. CRISPR Interference to Inhibit Oncogenes for Cancer Therapy.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026
    Review
  20. mRNA medicine for cardiovascular disease.Nature cardiovascular research · 2026
    Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

28 authors.

Frederic TremblayChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. frederic.tremblay@chromamedicine.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0003-1237-3752
Qiang XiongChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Shrijal S ShahChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Chih-Wei KoChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Kenneth KellyChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Mary S MorrisonChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Cristiana GiancarloChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Ricardo N RamirezChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Erica M HildebrandChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7625-8997
Sarah B VoytekChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Gabriel K El SebaeChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Shane H WrightChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Liam LofgrenChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Scott ClarksonChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Christine WatersChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Samantha J LinderChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Songlei LiuChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Taesun EomChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Shefal ParikhChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Yuki WeberChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Salette MartinezChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Padma MalyalaChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Sahar AbubuckerChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Ari E FriedlandChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4983-1801
Morgan L MaederChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Angelo LombardoSan Raffaele Telethon Institute for Gene Therapy, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8262-042X
Vic E MyerChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.
Aron B JaffeChroma Medicine, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6220-0476

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Epigenetic editing holds the promise of durable therapeutic effects by silencing disease-causing genes without changing the underlying DNA sequence. In this study, we designed an epigenetic editor to target human PCSK9 and thereby induce DNA methylation at this locus. A single administration of lipid nanoparticles encapsulating mRNA encoding this epigenetic editor was sufficient to drive near-complete silencing of human PCSK9 in transgenic mice. Silencing was durable for at least 1 year and was fully maintained after partial hepatectomy-induced liver regeneration. In addition, we showed reversibility of epigenetic editing in mice with previously silenced PCSK9 upon treatment with a targeted epigenetic activator designed to demethylate the PCSK9 locus. Notably, in cynomolgus monkeys, a single administration of the epigenetic editor potently and durably decreased circulating PCSK9 protein levels by approximately 90% with concomitant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels by approximately 70%. These findings demonstrate the therapeutic potential of durable and reversible epigenetic editing in vivo and support the development of epigenetic editor-based treatment for hypercholesterolemia.

Indexed as

Cholesterol, LDLEpigenesis, GeneticGene EditingHypercholesterolemiaProprotein Convertase 9AnimalsDNA MethylationGene SilencingHumansLiver RegenerationMacaca fascicularisMaleMiceMice, TransgenicNanoparticlesRNA, MessengerCholesterol, LDLPCSK9 protein, humanProprotein Convertase 9RNA, Messenger

Identifiers

PMID39930141
PMCPMC12003160

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.