ArticleImmunity, inflammation and disease2025
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Its Outer Membrane Vesicles Induce Neuroinflammation in Mice Through Distinct Mechanisms.
Article in Immunity, inflammation and disease, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Systematic Review: Porphyromonas gingivalis Outer Membrane Vesicles From Pathogenesis to Therapeutic Implications.International dental journal · 2026Pooled it
- From Periodontal Pocket to Systemic Diseases: Mechanistic Insights Into the Role of Porphyromonas gingivalis in Host Pathology.Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2026Review
- Effect of gut bacterial extracellular vesicles on angiogenic potential and vascular integrity: positive and negative aspects.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2026Review
- Oral Microbial Extracellular Vesicles as Novel Mediators of Alzheimer's Pathogenesis: A Critical Review of the Periodontal-Brain Axis.Neurotoxicity research · 2026Review
- Extracellular Vesicles in Stroke: Drivers of Brain-Body Network Crosstalk.Translational stroke research · 2026Review
- Red Complex Pathogens, Periodontal Dysbiosis and Periodontal Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- Choosing the Right Extracellular Vesicle: Cross-Kingdom Immunological Functions Linking Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Applications.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- Bacterial Extracellular Vesicles as Systemic Messengers: Integrating Their Roles in Gut-Liver-Brain Communication and Disease.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Review
- Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles drive neuroinflammation via TGM2-mediated mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum membranes.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Oral-Systemic Links: A Narrative Review of the Role of Periodontitis in Alzheimer's Disease Development.Cureus · 2026Review
- Characterization ofMicroorganisms · 2026Article
- Bidirectional relationship between the biofilm ofMicrobiology spectrum · 2026Article
- Biological properties and potential pathogenic mechanisms of oral bacterial-derived extracellular vesicles in oral and systemic diseases.Extracellular vesicles and circulating nucleic acids · 2026Review
- Oxysulfur and organosulfur toxins: the hidden mediators of the oral-systemic connection.Frontiers in microbiology · 2026Article
- Peri-implantitis derived extracellular vesicle as vectors of neuroinflammation.Frontiers in cellular neuroscience · 2026Article
- Porphromonas gingivalis infection induces gingipain-dependent changes in the brain vasculature of zebrafish larvae.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundAlzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common chronic neurodegenerative disorder, with neuroinflammation playing an important role in its progression to become a major research focus. The role of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and its outer membrane vesicles (Pg OMVs) in AD development is uncertain, particularly regarding their effects on neuroinflammation.
methodsThe cognition of mice injected with Pg, Pg OMVs, or PBS via the tail vein was assessed by the Morris water maze test. Pathological changes in the mouse brain were analyzed via immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence and hematoxylin‒eosin (H&E) staining, and the ultrastructure of the hippocampus was observed via transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Plasma levels of inflammatory factors were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Protein levels of brain inflammatory factor, occludin, and NLRP3 inflammasome-related proteins were assessed by western blotting.
resultsMemory impairment; notable neuroinflammation, including astrocyte and microglial activation; and elevated protein levels of IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the hippocampus were detected in the Pg and Pg OMV groups. However, Pg induced weight loss and systemic inflammation, such as splenomegaly and increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels in plasma, whereas Pg OMVs had minimal impact. In addition, Pg induced more pronounced activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome compared to Pg OMVs. In contrast, only the Pg OMV group exhibited blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption characterized by reduced integrity of tight junctions and lower levels of occludin protein.
conclusionsPg is associated with a significant immune response and systemic inflammation, which in turn exacerbates neuroinflammation via activating NLRP3 inflammasome. However, Pg OMVs might elude the systemic immune response and disrupt tight junctions, thereby entering the brain and directly triggering neuroinflammation.
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