A comprehensive review of medicinal plants and their beneficial roles in alleviating bisphenol A-induced organ toxicity.

Bisphenol A (BPA) is a hazardous chemical found in various products, including epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastic, canned foods, and beverage containers. Exposure to BPA can lead to organ toxicities, reproductive toxicity, hepatotoxicity, brain development disorders, and abnormal immune responses, posing a serious threat to human health. Consequently, health problems caused by continuous exposure to BPA are increasingly drawing scientists' attention as they seek solutions to alleviate BPA-induced adverse effects. Among these solutions, the use of medicinal plants has been extensively studied for this purpose. Medicinal plants exhibit protective effects against BPA toxicity through different molecular mechanisms. These mechanisms include the antioxidant defense system, enhancement of reproductive hormone synthesis, improvement in sperm quality, modification of MAPK/PI3K/akt, and insulin signaling pathways. Furthermore, another protective mechanism involves preventing neural cell death by affecting adiponectin receptors and the JNK/CREB signaling pathways. This review article outlines the studies of various medicinal plants, i.e., Crocus sativus, Asparagus officinalis, Ginkgo biloba, and Camellia sinensis, highlighting their potential to mitigate the harmful effects of BPA. Furthermore, the major signaling pathways, possible protective molecular mechanisms, and active ingredients of medicinal plants with potential for future drug discovery are discussed. It is important to note, however, that much of the existing research has focused on cell lines or laboratory animals, and thus, there is a gap in understanding the effectiveness of medicinal plants against BPA-induced toxicity in humans. In addition, the safe purification of extracts and the determination of appropriate doses for human use remain areas where clarity is needed.