Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39940282›Full record

ArticleNutrients2025

Very Low Energy Ketogenic Therapy (VLEKT), Not Only a Price Matter: A Comparison Study on Average Costs of VLEKT with Fresh Foods and Replacement Meals.

Giuseppe Annunziata, Ludovica Verde, Andrea Falco, Silvia Savastano, Annamaria Colao, Giovanna Muscogiuri, Luigi Barrea

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Nutrients, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
7citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

7 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Review
  7. Effects of Brown Rice, Meal Replacements, and Anti-Obesity Drugs on Mitochondria in Obese Rats.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Giuseppe AnnunziataFacoltà di Scienze Umane, della Formazione e dello Sport, Università Telematica Pegaso, Via Porzio, Centro Direzionale, Isola F2, 80143 Naples, Italy.ORCID 0000-0002-1922-662X
Ludovica VerdeDepartment of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
Andrea FalcoDepartment of Health Sciences, European University of Madrid, 28670 Madrid, Spain.
Silvia SavastanoUnit of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Andrology and Nutrition, DAI of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Andrology, Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-6986-266X
Annamaria ColaoUnit of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Andrology and Nutrition, DAI of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Andrology, Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
Giovanna MuscogiuriUnit of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Andrology and Nutrition, DAI of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Andrology, Centro Italiano per la Cura e il Benessere del Paziente con Obesità (C.I.B.O), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Federico II, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy.
Luigi BarreaDipartimento Psicologia e Scienze della Salute, Università Telematica Pegaso, Centro Direzionale Isola F2, Via Porzio, 80143 Naples, Italy.ORCID 0000-0001-9054-456X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundObesity is constantly growing worldwide, representing a serious concern also for healthcare costs. Current anti-obesity pharmacological strategies, although effective, represent a significant cost for the patient. Similarly, very low energy ketogenic therapy (VLEKT) protocols with replacement meals also have high costs.

objectivesThe objective of this study was to estimate the average costs of a VLEKT protocol with replacement meals compared with those of isocaloric diets with fresh foods.

methodsVLEKTs with replacement meals and fresh foods were developed considering an ideal young woman and man with grade II obesity (BMI ≥ 35.0 kg/m

resultsOn a monthly basis, VLEKT with fresh food had an average cost of EUR 253.44 and EUR 295.67, while VLEKT with replacement meals had an average cost of EUR 434.91 and EUR 535.99, for the woman and man, respectively.

conclusionsAlthough more expensive than a common diet, VLEKT should be seen not only as a dietary method for losing weight, but as a non-pharmacological, medicalized nutritional therapy, useful for managing various conditions, even those not directly related to obesity. Like a drug therapy, VLEKT requires the use of specific products that entail a higher cost, to be borne by the patient, but whose benefits should be emphasized, which go beyond weight loss and concern general health, thus considering them as a targeted nutritional strategy.

Indexed as

Diet, KetogenicObesityAdultEnergy IntakeFemaleHumansItalyMaleMealsWeight Losscostsdietobesityreplacement mealsvery low calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD)very low energy ketogenic therapy (VLEKT)

Identifiers

PMID39940282
PMCPMC11821162

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.