Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39941044›Full record

SynthesisInternational journal of molecular sciences2025

Regulatory T Cell- and Natural Killer Cell-Mediated Inflammation, Cerebral Vasospasm, and Delayed Cerebral Ischemia in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage-A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Approach.

Andreas Pfnür, Benjamin Mayer, Lena Dörfer, Hayrettin Tumani, Daniel Spitzer, Markus Huber-Lang, Thomas Kapapa

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in International journal of molecular sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Observational
  3. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Andreas PfnürDepartment of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0009-0002-1800-1418
Benjamin MayerInstitute of Epidemiology and Medical Biometry, University of Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 22, 89081 Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-1042-9006
Lena DörferInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/, 89081 Ulm, Germany.
Hayrettin TumaniDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Ulm, Oberer Eselsberg 45, 89081 Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-1647-6201
Daniel SpitzerDepartment of Neurology, University Hospital Frankfurt, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60596 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-8915-4588
Markus Huber-LangInstitute for Clinical and Experimental Trauma Immunology, University Hospital Ulm, Helmholtzstr. 8/, 89081 Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-2359-6516
Thomas KapapaDepartment of Neurosurgery, University Hospital Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081 Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0003-1237-5347

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) involves a significant influx of blood into the cerebrospinal fluid, representing a severe form of stroke. Despite advancements in aneurysm closure and neuro-intensive care, outcomes remain impaired due to cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI). Previous pharmacological therapies have not successfully reduced DCI while improving overall outcomes. As a result, significant efforts are underway to better understand the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved. This review focuses on the activation and effects of immune cells after SAH and their interactions with neurotoxic and vasoactive substances as well as inflammatory mediators. Particular attention is given to clinical studies highlighting the roles of natural killer (NK) cells and regulatory T cells (Treg) cells. Alongside microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, NK cells and Treg cells are key contributors to the inflammatory cascade following SAH. Their involvement in modulating the neuro-inflammatory response, vasospasm, and DCI underscores their potential as therapeutic targets and prognostic markers in the post-SAH recovery process. We conducted a systematic review on T cell- and natural killer cell-mediated inflammation and their roles in cerebral vasospasm and delayed cerebral ischemia. We conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate outcomes and mortality in studies focused on NK cell- and T cell-mediated mechanisms.

Indexed as

Brain IschemiaInflammationKiller Cells, NaturalSubarachnoid HemorrhageT-Lymphocytes, RegulatoryVasospasm, IntracranialAnimalsHumansdelayed cerebral ischemianatural killer cellsoutcomesubarachnoid hemorrhageT cellsvasospasm

Identifiers

PMID39941044
PMCPMC11818301

What Socratic holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.