SynthesisFrontiers in nutrition2025
Effects of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control and insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes: A GRADE-assessed systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.
Synthesis in Frontiers in nutrition, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- The Case for Vinegar Ingestion.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Article
- Vinegar Consumption and Health: An Umbrella Review of Meta-Analyses of Randomized Controlled Trials.Food science & nutrition · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background and aims: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a multifactorial metabolic disorder that affects the body's ability to regulate blood sugar levels. Apple cider vinegar (ACV) could possibly improve diabetes; nevertheless, evidences provide conflicting results. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ACV on glycemic profile in type 2 diabetes patients (T2DM) in controlled trials (CTs) by systematically reviewing and dose-response meta-analysis. Methods: The Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science databases were searched until November 2024 according to a systematic approach. All CTs investigating ACV's effects on glycemic factors were included. We used a random-effects model to calculate WMDs and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). The present study assessed publication bias, sensitivity analysis, meta-regression, and heterogeneity based on standard methods. We assessed the bias risk of the included studies using Cochrane quality assessments and used GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation) to calculate evidence certainty. We registered the study protocol at Prospero (no. CRD42023457493). Results: Overall, we included seven studies in this meta-analysis. ACV significantly reduced fasting blood sugar (FBS) (WMD: -21.929 mg/dL, 95% CI: -29.19, -14.67, Conclusion: ACV had positive effects on FBS and HbA1c in T2DM patients. Systematic Review Registration: The study protocol was registered at Prospero (no. CRD42023457493).
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.