ReviewScience immunology2025
Linking vaccine adjuvant mechanisms of action to function.
Review in Science immunology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 43 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
43 citing papers in PubMed.
- Increasing hydrophobicity in poly(amino acid) adjuvants elicits potent and durable anti-tumor immunityBioactive materials · 2027Article
- Novel lipid nanoparticle in a mRNA cancer vaccine drives tumor control via type I IFNs and effector CD8Molecular therapy. Nucleic acids · 2026Article
- Colorectal cancer and tumor vaccines (Review).Oncology letters · 2026Review
- Insights into Microbiota-Vaccine Crosstalk in Humans: Mechanisms, Modulators, and Translational Horizons.Vaccines · 2026Review
- From injection to inhalation: A STING-activating mucosal adjuvant reprograms vaccination.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Article
- Nanomaterials-Based Immunotherapy for Atherosclerosis.Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany) · 2026Review
- Safety and immunogenicity of an adjuvant-free peptide vaccine targeting IL-17A: Phase 1 randomized controlled trial.iScience · 2026Article
- From Mycosynthesis to Immunomodulation: Exploring the Safety, Adjuvant Potential and Microbiota Impact of Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles.Microbial biotechnology · 2026Article
- Importance of the delivery route for the tolerability and efficacy of immunomodulatory agents for lung cancer.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Vaccination in individuals with Down syndrome: immune vulnerability, safety, efficacy and opportunities.NPJ vaccines · 2026Review
- LNP-based delivery of a Toll-like receptor 9 agonist elicits potent adjuvant effects and antitumor immunity.NPJ vaccines · 2026Article
- Review
- Pollen-inspired multifunctional nanocarrier for porcine circovirus 2 vaccine delivery.Journal of nanobiotechnology · 2026Article
- Engineering polymeric RNA scaffolds as programmable combinatorial innate immune agonists.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- In silico design of a novel multi-epitope mRNA vaccine candidate for BtHKU5-CoV-2 using immunoinformatics.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Spatiotemporally engineered tumor-derived extracellular vesicle-based scaffold vaccine for personalized cancer immunotherapy.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Recent Advances, Bottlenecks, and Future Directions inVaccines · 2026Review
- TLR9-activating cholesterol azetidine derivative-assisted therapeutic vaccines for cancer immunotherapy.Science advances · 2026Article
- The Role and Safety of Aluminum Adjuvants in Childhood Vaccines.Pediatrics · 2026Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Vaccines deliver an immunogen in a manner designed to safely provoke an immune response, leading to the generation of memory T and B cells and long-lived antibody-producing plasma cells. Adjuvants play a critical role in vaccines by controlling how the immune system is exposed to the immunogen and providing inflammatory cues that enable productive immune priming. However, mechanisms of action underlying adjuvant function at the molecular, cell, and tissue levels are diverse and often poorly understood. Here, we review the current understanding of mechanisms of action underlying adjuvants used in subunit protein/polysaccharide vaccines and mRNA vaccines, discuss where possible how these mechanisms of action link to downstream effects on the immune response, and identify knowledge gaps that will be important to fill in order to enable the continued development of more effective adjuvants for challenging pathogens such as HIV and emerging threats.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.