ArticleAngewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)2025
Novel Low-Cytotoxic and Highly Efficient Type I Photoinitiators for Visible LED-/Sunlight-Induced Photopolymerization and High-Precision 3D Printing.
Article in Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Article
- Structure-Reactivity Relationships of Oxime-Oxalate/Glyoxylate/Ester Derivatives: Dual Photo/Thermal Initiators for Visible Light Polymerization and Composite Preparation.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2026Article
- Novel Low-Cytotoxic and Highly Efficient Type I Photoinitiators for Visible LED-/Sunlight-Induced Photopolymerization and High-Precision 3D Printing.Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English) · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The development of photoinitiators (PIs) combining high initiation ability, low-toxicity, and availability for high-precision 3D printing is a key challenge and an urgent problem to be solved nowadays in photopolymerization. In this study, carbazole chalcone glyoxylate oxime ester derivatives (denoted as Cs, C1-C5) containing both glyoxylate and oxime ester moieties with good light absorption properties in the visible range have been designed as type I PIs for the free radical photopolymerization (FRP) of trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) and ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate (ETPTA) under 405 nm and 450 nm light-emitting diodes (LEDs) as well as sunlight irradiation. The reaction properties and mechanism of Cs are firstly predicted by molecular modeling/molecular design, which anticipate that C5 could exhibit the best photoinitiation ability, this structure being more prone to decarboxylation. Subsequent experimental results clearly show that the photoinitiation ability of C5 outperforms that of the benchmark commercial PIs (methyl benzoylformate (MBF), diphenyl (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl) phosphine oxide (TPO)), and phenylbis (2,4,6-trimethylbenzoyl)-phosphine oxide (BAPO) under the same conditions. Compared to TPO, the photoinitiation ability of C5 improved by 40 %, 132 %, and 47 % exposed to LED@405 nm, LED@450 nm, and sunlight. In addition, C5 is successfully applied to 3D printing for the manufacture of large-scale and high-resolution object. The photochemical mechanism of C5 is systematically and comprehensively analyzed using a combination of steady state photolysis, decarboxylation reaction, fluorescence experiments, and electron spin resonance-spin trapping (ESR-ST) technology. It is found that both glyoxylate and oxime ester in C5 are highly active and capable of undergoing decarboxylation reactions to produce CO
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.