ArticleMaterials today. Bio2025
Constructing a 3D co-culture
Article in Materials today. Bio, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- Engineering autoimmune disease models using organoids: Harnessing microenvironmental engineering for precision medicine and immunological recapitulation.Bioengineering & translational medicine · 2026Review
- Cartilage organoids bridging bench to bedside: A steroid-free strategy for early osteoarthritis repair.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Integrated Analysis of Proteomics and Metabolomics Uncovered the Anti-Inflammatory Mechanisms of Baicalin in CIA Rat FLS.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Article
- The potential involvement of FABP4 in rheumatoid arthritis-associated osteoporosis: a comprehensive bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- 3D Bioprinting Strategies in Autoimmune Disease Models.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Spermidine-encapsulated chondroitin sulfate methacryloyl hydrogel delivery system for remodeling bone homeostasis in rheumatoid arthritis.Materials today. Bio · 2025Article
- Synovium-On-A-Chip: Simulating the Microenvironment of the Rheumatoid Arthritis Synovium via Multicell Interactions to Target Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Harnessing organoid technology to model autoimmune pathways in rheumatological and inflammatory disorders.Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's archives of pharmacology · 2025Review
- Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Rheumatoid Immune Diseases: Pathogenic Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies.Biomedicines · 2025Review
- Synovial organoids: From fundamental construction to groundbreaking applications in arthritic disorders.Journal of orthopaedic translation · 2025Review
- Immune Organoids: A Review of Their Applications in Cancer and Autoimmune Disease Immunotherapy.Current issues in molecular biology · 2025Review
- Pharmacological Inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR Pathway in Rheumatoid Arthritis Synoviocytes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (Preclinical).Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The development and exploration of highly effective drugs for rheumatoid arthritis remains an urgent necessity. However, current disease research models are no longer sufficient to meet the rapid development of high-throughput drug screening. In this study, bacterial cellulose simulating the structure of extracellular matrix was used as a 3D culture platform, and THP-1-derived M1 macrophages, representing the inflammatory component, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), simulating the vascular component, and rheumatoid arthritis fibroblast-like synoviocytes (RA-FLSs), embodying the synovial pathology, were co-cultured to simulate the pathological microenvironment in RA synovial tissues, and synovial organoids were constructed. Under three-dimensional (3D) culture conditions, there was a notable upregulation of fatty acid-binding protein 4 (FABP4) in polarized macrophages, and an enhancement of pathological phenotypes in HUVECs and RA-FLSs, mediated through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, including cell proliferation, migration, invasion and vascularization. Compared to planar cultures and 2D co-cultures, 3D synovial organoids not only exhibit a broader range of transcriptomic features characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis but also demonstrate increased drug resistance, likely due to the more complex and physiologically relevant cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions present in 3D environments. This model offers a promising path for personalized treatment, accelerating precision medicine in rheumatology.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.