Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39972441›Full record

ArticleDiabetology & metabolic syndrome2025

Diabetes distress and associated psychosocial factors in type 2 diabetes. A population-based cross-sectional study. The HUNT study, Norway.

Hilde K R Riise, Anne Haugstvedt, Jannicke Igland, Marit Graue, Eirik Søfteland, Monica Hermann, Sofia Carlsson, Timothy C Skinner, Bjørn Olav Åsvold, Marjolein M Iversen

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Article in Diabetology & metabolic syndrome, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
9citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

9 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Hilde K R RiiseDepartment of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway. hkrr@hvl.no.
Anne HaugstvedtDepartment of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
Jannicke IglandDepartment of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
Marit GraueDepartment of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
Eirik SøftelandDepartment of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.
Monica HermannDepartment of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.
Sofia CarlssonInstitute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
Timothy C SkinnerThe Australian Centre for Behavioral Research in Diabetes, Melbourne, Australia.
Bjørn Olav ÅsvoldHUNT Center for Molecular and Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Public Health and Nursing, NTNU, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
Marjolein M IversenDepartment of Health and Caring Sciences, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences, Bergen, Norway.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND

aimThe world-wide prevalence of diabetes distress varies, and studies are mainly undertaken in clinical settings. By using data from the Trøndelag Health (HUNT) study, we aimed to estimate diabetes distress prevalence, its determinants, and associations with anxiety and depression among adults with type 2 diabetes.

methodsThis population-based cross-sectional study consists of individuals ≥ 20 years with type 2 diabetes participating in the HUNT4 survey (2017-2019). Diabetes-distress prevalence with 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated based on the five item Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID-5) questionnaire. PAID-5 sum scores were rescaled to a 0-100 scale by multiplying the sum score by five. Linear and logistic regression models were used to examine associations of demographic, lifestyle- and clinical factors, with diabetes distress.

resultsIn total, 1954 individuals completed the PAID-5 questionnaire, with a mean score of 15.2 (SD 18.3) and 11.9% (95% CI 10.6-13.4) reporting high diabetes distress (PAID-5 ≥ 40). Multivariable linear regression showed that diabetes distress was associated with a 0.2 (95% CI 0.2-0.3) lower score for each year older age, 7.6 (95% CI 5.4-9.7) higher score for current insulin use, and 9.3 (95% CI 5.3-13.2) higher score for a history of diabetes foot ulcers. High levels of anxiety and depression symptoms were associated with higher diabetes distress (Anxiety: B 16.0, 95% CI 13.6-18.4, Depression: B 13.3, 95% CI 10.7-16.0).

conclusionsDiabetes distress is common and strongly associated with younger age at diabetes onset, insulin use, foot ulcer, and anxiety and depression symptoms. Identifying and addressing diabetes distress in diabetes follow-up may facilitate improving health outcomes and prevent more serious mental health issues in individuals with T2D. Nevertheless, the findings should be further examined in longitudinal studies.

Indexed as

AnxietyDepressionDiabetes mellitusDiabetes Mellitus, type 2: distress

Identifiers

PMID39972441
PMCPMC11837721

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.