ArticleTherapeutic advances in neurological disorders2025
CSF IL-6, GDF-15, GFAP and NfL levels in early Alzheimer disease: a pilot study.
Article in Therapeutic advances in neurological disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers.
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Who cites it
8 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeting innovative therapeutic approaches to the hallmarks of aging to combat Alzheimer's disease.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Comparison of TDP-43, NfL, and GFAP in cerebrospinal fluid and serum in Alzheimer's disease.European archives of psychiatry and clinical neuroscience · 2026Article
- Instability in sleep architecture and intermittent hypoxia underlie cognitive impairment in patients with obstructive sleep apnea.Sleep & breathing = Schlaf & Atmung · 2026Article
- The Interplay Between Immunometabolism and Neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's Disease.Biomolecules · 2026Review
- GDF15 - A potential novel biomarker of cognitive impairment in cervical dystonia.Frontiers in neuroscience · 2026Article
- Exercise-induced modulation of astrocyte in Alzheimer's disease: mechanisms and therapeutic implications.Frontiers in physiology · 2026Review
- CircRNA-Based Therapeutics: a New Frontier in Neuroinflammation Treatment.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Review
- Insights into the role of cerebrospinal fluid cytokines in Alzheimer's disease: A commentary on recent findings.Journal of Alzheimer's disease reportsArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Despite their potential usefulness as biomarkers, no study has investigated the interactions between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) changes of neurofilament light chain (NfL), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15), transactive response DNA binding protein (TDP-43) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) and the core AD CSF biomarkers in the same cohort of AD patients. Objectives: The aim of this pilot study is to evaluate the CSF levels of these analytes in patients with AD and assess their clinical relevance in this neurological condition. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: We assessed the levels of NfL, GFAP, GDF-15, TDP-43 and IL-6 in the CSF samples of 52 early AD patients and evaluated their partial reciprocal correlations and those with Abeta42, p-Tau, t-Tau and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), always adding age, sex and educational level as covariates. Results: MMSE score showed a positive correlation with the Aβ 1-42 concentrations ( Conclusion: Our findings highlight that CSF IL-6 levels correlate positively with markers of neuronal damage. CSF TDP-43 levels significantly correlated with GFAP, suggesting a potential link with reactive gliosis and astrocyte activation. In addition, while CSF GDF-15 levels negatively correlate with MMSE scores, mediation analysis revealed that this association is primarily indirect and mediated through Aβ 1-42 levels.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.