ArticleOphthalmology2025
Risk of Glaucoma in Patients without Diabetes Using a Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonist.
Article in Ophthalmology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- GLP-1 receptor agonists in eye disease: a comprehensive review of current research and future potential.BMC ophthalmology · 2026 · on this mapPooled it
- Ocular disorders during treatment with GLP-1 receptor agonists: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2026Pooled it
- Association between human immunodeficiency virus infection and the risk of glaucoma: a real-world multicenter cohort study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Extrinsic Regulation of Optic Nerve Axon Regeneration in the Adult Central Nervous System.Cells · 2026Review
- Risk of Age-Related Ocular Diseases in Non-Diabetic Adults With Obesity Using Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists and Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Older Adults With Obesity: A Target Trial Emulation.Diabetes, obesity & metabolism · 2026Article
- Beyond Glycemic Control: Ocular Effects of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists.Vision (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Increased Risk of Intraocular Pressure-Lowering Treatment in Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease Undergoing Hemodialysis.Ophthalmology. Glaucoma · 2026Article
- Rate of Age-Related Macular Degeneration in Patients Prescribed Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists or Other Weight Loss Therapies.Ophthalmology. Retina · 2026Article
- Ocular Glymphatic System: Its Modulation and Role in Intraocular Tumors.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Review
- Carotid intima-media thickness in relation to primary open-angle glaucoma: epidemiological and structural evidence from a cross-sectional study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists and Ocular Disease: Mechanisms, Evidence and Therapeutic Perspectives.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Understanding the risk of diabetic retinopathy from glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: a Mendelian randomization study and systematic review of European populations.Diabetology & metabolic syndrome · 2025Article
- Unlocking the potential of GLP-1 receptor agonists in ocular therapeutics: from molecular pathways to clinical impact.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Review
- Glaucoma Risk Reduction as a Secondary Benefit of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists: A Review of Emerging Evidence.Journal of current glaucoma practiceReview
- GLP-1 Receptor Agonists, Allostatic Load, and Reframing the Glaucoma Paradigm.Journal of current glaucoma practiceArticle
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
Abstract
purposeTo compare the risk of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and ocular hypertension in patients with obesity taking glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) versus alternative weight loss medications.
designA retrospective cohort study of the TriNetX research network was conducted by analyzing international electronic health record data from January 2004 through December 2024.
participantsPatients without diabetes who had a diagnosis of being overweight or obesity who were treated with either GLP-1RAs or alternative weight loss medications, including orlistat, phentermine-topiramate, bupropion-naltrexone, or setmelanotide.
methodsPatients were assessed for outcomes at 3 and 5 years. Propensity score matching (PSM) was conducted between cohorts matched for baseline demographics, comorbidities, and medication use. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated subsequently.
main outcome measuresRisk of POAG and ocular hypertension.
resultsAfter PSM, both cohorts comprised 61 057 patients. The risk of both POAG and ocular hypertension were significantly lower in the GLP-1RA group at both 3 and 5 years of follow-up. A 50.4% lower risk at 3 years (RR, 0.496; 95% CI, 0.371-0.664) and a 58.5% lower risk at 5 years (RR, 0.415; 95% CI, 0.316-0.545) for POAG developing was noted. Lower risks of 55.9% at 3 years (RR, 0.441; 95% CI, 0.318-0.611) and 65.8% at 5 years (RR, 0.342; 95% CI, 0.250-0.466) for ocular hypertension developing were noted.
conclusionsIn patients without diabetes, the use of GLP-1RAs exhibited a significantly lower risk of POAG and ocular hypertension compared with alternative weight loss therapy at 3-year and 5-year intervals. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.