ArticleAnnals of neurology2025
Distinct Alterations of Inflammatory Biomarkers in Cluster Headache: A Case Control Study.
Article in Annals of neurology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Genome-wide association susceptibility loci for cluster headache support a role for inflammation in the pathophysiology.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Pooled it
- CGRP-provoked headache is associated with a neuroimmune signature in idiopathic intracranial hypertension.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Trial
- Adrenal gland dysfunction in males with cluster headache.The journal of headache and pain · 2026Article
- MRGPRX2 as a novel therapeutic target in headache.Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics · 2026Review
- Serum and CSF cytokine profile in patients with facial palsy (Bell's palsy): a pilot study.Journal of neurology · 2025Article
- PACAP-38 in Cluster Headache: A Prospective, Case-Control Study of a Potential Treatment Target.European journal of neurology · 2025Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveInvestigate the immune system's role in cluster headache by analyzing cytokines in people with cluster headache and headache-free controls, and explore if certain cytokines could predict a specific phenotype.
methodsWe measured 45 cytokines in adult participants from the Danish Cluster Headache Biobank in a prospective case-control setup. People with cluster headache were diagnosed according to the International Classification of Headache Disorders third-edition. Controls were matched for age and sex.
resultsA total of 412 were analyzed deriving from 99 with chronic cluster headache, 108 with episodic cluster headache (ECH) in bout, 105 with ECH in remission, and 100 successfully matched controls. Compared with controls, 13 cytokines were altered for ECH in bout (p < 0.05), 3 in remission (p < 0.05), and 10 for chronic cluster headache (p < 0.05). Oncostatin m was significantly elevated in all 3 disease states compared with controls (p < 0.05). Overall, the investigated cytokines showed distinct patterns of alterations between chronic cluster headache and episodic cluster headache in bout and, interestingly, IL-1β was significantly associated with having chronic cluster headache rather than episodic in bout in a logistic regression model adjusting for potential confounders (p < 0.05).
interpretationFindings show that the immune system is altered in all 3 states of cluster headache compared with controls. Oncostatin m was elevated, constituting a promising target for future studies. The distinct alterations between episodic and chronic cluster headache are striking and urges further research of the immune system in cluster headache to better understand its potential role in prediction of disease activity and treatment response. ANN NEUROL 2025;98:4-18.
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