Evidence map›Paper›PMID 39990653›Full record

ReviewInternational journal of biological sciences2025

Bispecific antibodies as powerful immunotherapeutic agents for urological cancers: Recent innovations based on preclinical and clinical evidence.

Kiavash Hushmandi, Behzad Einollahi, E Hui Clarissa Lee, Reo Sakaizawa, Antonino Glaviano, Russel J Reiter, Seyed Hassan Saadat, Marzieh Ramezani Farani, Yun Suk Huh, Amir Reza Aref and 2 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in International journal of biological sciences, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
4citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

4 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

12 authors.

Kiavash HushmandiNephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Behzad EinollahiNephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
E Hui Clarissa LeeDepartment of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Reo SakaizawaDepartment of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.
Antonino GlavianoDepartment of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90123 Palermo, Italy.
Russel J ReiterDepartment of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, Long School of Medicine, San Antonio, Texas USA.
Seyed Hassan SaadatNephrology and Urology Research Center, Clinical Sciences Institute, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Marzieh Ramezani FaraniNanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
Yun Suk HuhNanoBio High-Tech Materials Research Center, Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering, Inha University, 100 Inha-ro, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
Amir Reza ArefDepartment of Vitro Vision, DeepkinetiX Inc., Boston, MA, USA.
Shokooh SalimimoghadamDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran.
Alan Prem KumarDepartment of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Conventional immunotherapy has emerged as a key option for cancer treatment. However, its efficacy has been limited in urological cancers, especially prostate cancer, because of the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME), difficulty in drug delivery, aberrant immune response, and damage to normal cells. Bispecific antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with two different antigen-binding domains, designed using different technologies and in various formats. BsAb-based tumor immunotherapy has yielded optimistic results in preclinical and clinical investigations of many tumor types, including urological cancers. However, a series of challenges, including tumor heterogeneity, TME, Ab immunogenicity, adverse effects, serum half-life, low response rates, and drug resistance, hamper the application of BsAbs. In this review, we provide insights into the most common BsAb platforms with different mechanisms of action, which are under preclinical and clinical research, along with ways to overcome the challenges in BsAb administration for treating urological cancer.

Indexed as

Antibodies, BispecificImmunotherapyUrologic NeoplasmsAnimalsHumansTumor MicroenvironmentAntibodies, BispecificBispecific antibodiesDrug deliveryImmunotherapyUrologic neoplasms

Identifiers

PMID39990653
PMCPMC11844292

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.