ArticleBMC genomics2025
Genetic and metabolic insights into sexual dimorphism in the flexor carpi radialis of Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans) associated with amplexus behavior.
Article in BMC genomics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Dynamic transcriptome analysis highlights collagen-integrin-mediated extracellular matrix remodeling underlying sexual dimorphism in the amplexus muscle of Bufo gargarizans.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- Uncovering Sexual Differences in the External Morphology, Appendicular Muscles, and Internal Organs of a Fossorial Narrow-Mouth Frog (Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
backgroundSexual dimorphism, a widespread phenomenon across the animal kingdom, encompasses differences between sexes in size, morphology, and physiological traits. In this study, we investigated sexual dimorphism in the flexor carpi radialis (FCR) muscle, which is critical for amplexus in Asiatic toads (Bufo gargarizans), using integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic approaches.
resultsMale toads exhibited significantly larger FCR muscles, reflecting enhanced muscle function required for sustained amplexus. Transcriptomic analysis identified 818 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between sexes, with 389 upregulated and 429 downregulated in males, predominantly associated with muscle contraction, sarcomere organization, and energy metabolism. Metabolomic profiling revealed 69 differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs), with male-biased enrichment in pathways involved in protein synthesis and degradation, energy metabolism, and material transport. Integrated analysis pinpointed key metabolic pathways-such as glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; fatty acid degradation; and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle-as central to the observed sexual dimorphism. Among these, the genes AGXT, ACADL, ACAT1, MDH2, and SUCLG2 emerged as pivotal regulators.
conclusionsCollectively, these findings provide novel insights into the genetic and metabolic basis of sexual dimorphism in B. gargarizans, offering a deeper understanding of the evolutionary mechanisms driving sex-specific traits in vertebrates.
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