ArticleDiabetes & metabolism journal2025
Trends in Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity by Age, Sex, Race/Ethnicity, and Income among United States Adults, 1999 to 2018.
Article in Diabetes & metabolism journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed.
- Prevalence and comorbidity burden of clinical obesity in US adults.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Residual cholesterol inflammatory index and its prognostic role in mortality among individuals with cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic syndrome stages 0-3 based on U.S. and Chinese national cohorts.European journal of medical research · 2025Article
- Anthropometric Obesity Phenotypes in Young Physically Active Men: The Role of Body Composition and Fat Distribution.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Addressing the Persistent Increase and Inequities in Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity: Toward an Understanding of Clinical Obesity.Diabetes & metabolism journal · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgruoundThis study aimed to estimate temporal trends in metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO) among United States (US) adults by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and income from 1999 to 2018.
methodsWe included 17,230 non-pregnant adults from a nationally representative cross-sectional study, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). MUO was defined as body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 with any metabolic disorders in blood pressure, blood glucose, and blood lipids. The age-adjusted percentage of MUO was calculated, and linear regression models estimated trends in MUO.
resultsThe weighted mean age of adults was 47.28 years; 51.02% were male, 74.64% were non-Hispanic White. The age-adjusted percentage of MUO continuously increased in adults across all subgroups during 1999-2018, although with different magnitudes (all P<0.05 for linear trend). Adults aged 45 to 64 years consistently had higher percentages of MUO from 1999-2000 (34.25%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 25.85% to 42.66%) to 2017-2018 (42.03%; 95% CI, 35.09% to 48.97%) than the other two age subgroups (P<0.05 for group differences). The age-adjusted percentage of MUO was the highest among non-Hispanic Blacks while the lowest among non-Hispanic Whites in most cycles. Adults with high-income levels generally had lower MUO percentages from 1999-2000 (22.63%; 95% CI, 17.00% to 28.26%) to 2017-2018 (32.36%; 95% CI, 23.87% to 40.85%) compared with the other two subgroups.
conclusionThis study detected a continuous linear increasing trend in MUO among US adults from 1999 to 2018. The persistence of disparities by age, race/ethnicity, and income is a cause for concern. This calls for implementing evidence-based, structural, and effective MUO prevention programs.
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