Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40004872›Full record

ReviewJournal of clinical medicine2025

Retinal Biomarkers in Diabetic Retinopathy: From Early Detection to Personalized Treatment.

Georgios Chondrozoumakis, Eleftherios Chatzimichail, Oussama Habra, Efstathios Vounotrypidis, Nikolaos Papanas, Zisis Gatzioufas, Georgios D Panos

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Journal of clinical medicine, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
16citing papers in PubMed, 1 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

16 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Review
  8. Inflammatory Biomarkers in Diabetic Macular Edema.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026
    Review
  9. Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Georgios ChondrozoumakisDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Heraklion, 71500 Heraklion, Greece.ORCID 0009-0006-1844-1949
Eleftherios ChatzimichailDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.ORCID 0000-0003-4283-5260
Oussama HabraDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
Efstathios VounotrypidisDepartment of Ophthalmology, Ulm University, Prittwitzstraße 43, 89075 Ulm, Germany.ORCID 0000-0002-9833-2200
Nikolaos PapanasDiabetes Centre, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Democritus University of Thrace, 68100 Alexandroupolis, Greece.ORCID 0000-0002-7320-785X
Zisis GatzioufasDepartment of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of Basel, 4031 Basel, Switzerland.
Georgios D PanosFirst Department of Ophthalmology, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.ORCID 0000-0001-8399-7456

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision loss globally, with early detection and intervention critical to preventing severe outcomes. This narrative review examines the role of retinal biomarkers-molecular and imaging-in improving early diagnosis, tracking disease progression, and advancing personalized treatment for DR. Key biomarkers, such as inflammatory and metabolic markers, imaging findings from optical coherence tomography and fluorescence angiography and genetic markers, provide insights into disease mechanisms, help predict progression, and monitor responses to treatments, like anti-VEGF and corticosteroids. While challenges in standardization and clinical integration remain, these biomarkers hold promise for a precision medicine approach that could transform DR management through early, individualized care.

Indexed as

biomarkersdiabetesdiabetes complicationsdiabetic retinopathyophthalmologyretinal biomarkersretinal imaging

Identifiers

PMID40004872
PMCPMC11856754

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.