A differentiated β-globin gene replacement strategy uses heterologous introns to restore physiological expression.

β-Hemoglobinopathies are common monogenic disorders. In sickle cell disease (SCD), a single mutation in the β-globin (HBB) gene results in dysfunctional hemoglobin protein, while in β-thalassemia, over 300 mutations distributed across the gene reduce β-globin levels and cause severe anemia. Genetic engineering replacing the whole HBB gene through homology-directed repair (HDR) is an ideal strategy to restore a benign genotype and rescue HBB expression for most genotypes. However, this is technically challenging because (1) the insert must not be homologous to the endogenous gene and (2) synonymous codon-optimized, intron-less sequences may not reconstitute adequate β-globin levels. Here, we developed an HBB gene replacement strategy using CRISPR-Cas9 that successfully addresses these challenges. We determined that a DNA donor containing a diverged HBB coding sequence and heterologous introns to avoid sequence homology provides proper physiological expression. We identified a DNA donor that uses truncated γ-globin introns, results in 34% HDR, and rescues β-globin expression in in vitro models of SCD and β-thalassemia in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs). Furthermore, while HDR allele frequency dropped in vivo, it was maintained at ∼15%, demonstrating editing of long-term repopulating HSPCs. In summary, our HBB gene replacement strategy offers a differentiated approach by restoring naturally regulated adult hemoglobin expression.