ArticleJournal of the National Cancer Center2025
Treatments of transarterial chemoembolization (TACE), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) and immunotherapy reshape the systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) in patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma.
Article in Journal of the National Cancer Center, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 6 papers.
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Who cites it
6 citing papers in PubMed.
- Purinergic and Energy Metabolism Disruption in Oxidative Stress-Mediated Immunotoxicity Induced by Aflatoxin BJournal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- The Role of CD4Cells · 2026Review
- Construction and external validation of a prognostic model for survival in hepatocellular carcinoma patients undergoing transarterial chemoembolization: a multicenter retrospective cohort study.World journal of surgical oncology · 2026Article
- Aflatoxin B1 Impairs TACE Efficacy Through Downregulated Carbonic Anhydrase 2: A Bioinformatics Analysis.International journal of genomics · 2026Article
- From local control to immune modulation: hypofractionated radiotherapy as a backbone for cancer immunotherapy.Frontiers in oncology · 2026Review
- Integration of single-cell sequencing and mendelian randomization reveals novel causal pathways between monocytes and hepatocellular carcinoma.Discover oncology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Background: The role of systemic tumor immune environment (STIE) is unclear in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to exam the cells in the STIE, their changes after transarterial chemoembolisation (TACE), stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), and immunotherapy (IO) and explore their significance in the treatment response of patients with unresectable HCC. Methods: This is a prospective biomarker study of patients with unresectable HCC. The treatment was sequential TACE, SBRT (27.5-40 Gy/5 fractions), and IO. The treatment response was assessed according to modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (mRECIST) by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after 6 months of treatment. Longitudinal data of STIE cells was extracted from laboratory results of complete blood cell counts, including leukocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and platelets. Peripheral blood samples were collected at baseline and after TACE, SBRT, and IO for T-lymphocyte subtyping by flow cytometry. Generalized estimation equation was employed for longitudinal analyses. Results: A total of 35 patients with unresectable HCC were enrolled: 23 patients in the exploratory cohort and 12 in the validation cohort. STIE circulating cells, especially lymphocytes, were heterogenous at baseline and changed differentially after TACE, SBRT, and IO in both cohorts. SBRT caused the greatest reduction of 0.7 × 10 Conclusions: STIE cells are significant for treatment response, can be reshaped differentially after TACE, SBRT, and IO. The most significant changes of T-lymphocyte lineage are SBRT associated modulations in CD25
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