Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40055480›Full record

ArticleNature genetics2025

Comparison of the multivariate genetic architecture of eight major psychiatric disorders across sex.

Ted Schwaba, Travis T Mallard, Adam X Maihofer, Mijke Rhemtulla, Phil H Lee, Jordan W Smoller, Lea K Davis, Michel G Nivard, Andrew D Grotzinger, Elliot M Tucker-Drob

Abstract readComparative Study
In one paragraph

Article in Nature genetics, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 13 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
13citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

13 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Personality Genomics.Annual review of psychology · 2026
    Review
  4. Article
  5. Article
  6. Article
  7. Article
  8. Article
  9. Tradeoffs in Modeling Context Dependency in Complex Trait Genetics.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Ted SchwabaDepartment of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA. tedschwaba@gmail.com.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5491-5386
Travis T MallardDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3265-3001
Adam X MaihoferResearch Service, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA.
Mijke RhemtullaDepartment of Psychology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
Phil H LeeStanley Center for Psychiatric Research, The Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
Jordan W SmollerDepartment of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Lea K DavisCharles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5143-2282
Michel G NivardPopulation Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2015-1888
Andrew D GrotzingerInstitute for Behavioral Genetics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7852-9244
Elliot M Tucker-DrobDepartment of Psychology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-6237

Funding

Overall: Eunice Kennedy Shriver Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center at VanderbiltP50HD103537 · NICHD · VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY MEDICAL CENTER · PI Lea K Davis · 2020 to 2026
$10.3M
Program Development and Pilot CoreP30AG066614 · NIA · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI KAREN L FINGERMAN · 2020 to 2026
$5.2M
Scientific & Technical CoreP2CHD042849 · NICHD · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI MARK D. HAYWARD · 2017 to 2026
$5.2M
Dissecting the Multivariate Genetic Architecture of Psychiatric DiseasesR01MH120219 · NIMH · UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS AT AUSTIN · PI NIVARD, MICHEL GUILLAUME, TUCKER-DROB, ELLIOT MAX · 2020 to 2024
$3.3M
Comprehensive analysis of genetic pleiotropy in eleven neuropsychiatric disordersR01MH119243 · NIMH · MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL · PI LEE, PHIL H. · 2020 to 2024
$2.3M
NIA NIH HHS P30 AG066614NICHD NIH HHS P2C HD042849NICHD NIH HHS P50 HD103537NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH119243NIMH NIH HHS R01 MH120219U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) P2CHD042849U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) P30AG066614U.S. Department of Health & Human Services | National Institutes of Health (NIH) R01MH120219
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Differences in the patterning of genetic sharing between groups of individuals may arise from biological pathways, social mechanisms, phenotyping and ascertainment. We expand genomic structural equation modeling to allow for testing genomic structural invariance (GSI), that is, the formal comparison of multivariate genetic architecture across groups. We apply GSI to compare the autosomal multivariate genetic architecture of eight psychiatric disorders spanning three factors (psychotic, neurodevelopmental and internalizing) between cisgender males and females. We find that the genetic factor structure is largely similar across sex, permitting meaningful comparisons of associations at the level of the factors. However, in females, problematic alcohol use and posttraumatic stress disorder loaded more strongly on the internalizing factor, while the neurodevelopmental disorder factor exhibited weaker genetic correlations with the other factors. Four phenotypes (educational attainment, insomnia, smoking and deprivation) showed significant, albeit small, sex-differentiated associations with the psychotic factor. As genome-wide association study samples grow and diversify, GSI will become increasingly valuable for comparing multivariate genetic architecture across groups.

Indexed as

Mental DisordersAdultFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMalePhenotypePolymorphism, Single NucleotideSex CharacteristicsSex Factors

Identifiers

PMID40055480
PMCPMC12022846

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.