Hydrogels for Cardiac Tissue Regeneration: Current and Future Developments.

Myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of death worldwide due to the heart's limited regenerative capability and the current lack of viable therapeutic solutions. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop effective treatment options to restore cardiac function after a heart attack. Stem cell-derived cardiac cells have been extensively utilised in cardiac tissue regeneration studies. However, the use of Matrigel as a substrate for the culture and maturation of these cells has been a major limitation for the translation of this research into clinical application. Hydrogels are emerging as a promising system to overcome this problem. They are biocompatible and can provide stem cells with a supportive scaffold that mimics the extracellular matrix, which is essential for repairing damaged tissue in the myocardium after an infarction. Thus, hydrogels provide an alternative and reproducible option in addressing myocardial infarction due to their unique potential therapeutic benefits. This review explores the different types of natural and synthetic polymers used to create hydrogels and their various delivery methods, the most common being via injection and cardiac patches and other applications such as bioprinting. Many challenges remain before hydrogels can be used in a clinical setting, but they hold great promise for the future of cardiac tissue regeneration.