SynthesisThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2025
The Role and Regulation of Intramuscular Sex Hormones in Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review.
Synthesis in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- The Role and Regulation of Intramuscular Sex Hormones in Skeletal Muscle: A Systematic Review.The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism · 2025Pooled it
- Automated CT-Based Muscle Density Predicts Mortality Regardless of Muscle Area.Journal of cachexia, sarcopenia and muscle · 2026Article
- Association between temporal muscle morphology based on MRI and muscle mass and strength in healthy young adults: a cross-sectional study.BMC musculoskeletal disorders · 2026Article
- Estrogen in skeletal muscle: metabolism, mechanisms, and exercise-induced changes.Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026Review
- Integrative Analysis of Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing and RNA-Seq in Skeletal Muscle of Xin'anjiang Water Buffalo.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
introductionSerum concentrations of androgens and estrogens, the main male and female sex hormones, respectively, naturally fluctuate across the lifespan. Sex hormones are mainly produced in the gonads, but evidence suggests that they can also be locally synthesized in skeletal muscle. However, little is known about the purpose of intramuscular sex hormones and their role in skeletal muscle. This systematic review aimed to investigate (1) how intramuscular sex hormone concentrations vary across the lifespan, (2) whether exercise affects intramuscular sex hormone concentrations, and (3) whether intramuscular sex hormones are associated with skeletal muscle mass and function.
methodsFour databases were searched, and studies were included if they contained measurements of intramuscular sex hormones from rodents or healthy males and females free from any hormonal treatment.
resultsThirteen studies were included. Intramuscular testosterone was reduced in older males compared to their younger counterparts, but comparison of intramuscular sex hormone concentrations between pre- and postmenopausal females yielded inconclusive findings. Chronic exercise decreased androgens and estradiol in females but increased androgens in males. Acute exercise did not change intramuscular hormone concentrations in humans but increased them in rodents. Intramuscular androgens were positively associated with muscle mass and strength in males. In females, conflicting findings were reported for both estradiol and androgens and measures of muscle mass and function.
conclusionCurrent evidence suggests that aging and exercise differentially modulate intramuscular sex hormone concentrations, and their association with muscle mass and function, between males and females and model systems.
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What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.