ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2025
Ectopic germinal centers in the nasal turbinates contribute to B cell immunity to intranasal viral infection and vaccination.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 17 papers.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
17 citing papers in PubMed.
- Targeting T follicular helper cells for lifelong health.Nature reviews. Drug discovery · 2026Review
- Utility of Nasopharyngeal Aspirate Over Other Upper Airway Sampling Approaches for Cellular Immunology During Respiratory Viral Infection.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2026Article
- An Engineered HR1-Stem Helix-HR2 Trimeric Platform for Developing Broad-Spectrum Coronavirus Vaccines.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2026Article
- Germinal center responses at barrier organ sites.Current opinion in immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Highlights of 2025: advances in germinal centers.Immunology and cell biology · 2026Review
- Allergic Sensitization to Inhalant Allergens in the Upper Respiratory Tract-the B Cell Side.Allergy · 2026Review
- Nasal CD4+ tissue-resident memory T cells provide cross-protective immunity to influenza.The Journal of experimental medicine · 2026Article
- Local B cell immunity and durable memory after live-attenuated influenza intranasal vaccination of humans.Science translational medicine · 2026Article
- Nasal humoral immunity: the first line of protection against respiratory pathogens.ImmunoHorizons · 2026Review
- Olfactory immunity: defending the neural-mucosal barrier.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Review
- The multilayered identity of B cell memory.Cellular & molecular immunology · 2026Review
- Engineering a medical device for intranasal immunisation: ensuring targeted delivery and formulation stability.Frontiers in drug delivery · 2026Article
- Limited nasal IFN production contributes to delayed respiratory virus clearance and suboptimal vaccine responses.JCI insight · 2025Article
- Tertiary Lymphoid Structures Across Organs: Context, Composition, and Clinical Levers.Immunological reviews · 2025Review
- Ectopic germinal centers in the nasal turbinates contribute to B cell immunity to intranasal viral infection and vaccination.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025Article
- Plasma cells in and around the central nervous system.Frontiers in immunology · 2025Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The nasal mucosa is the first immunologically active site that respiratory viruses encounter and establishing immunity at the initial point of pathogen contact is essential for preventing viral spread. Influenza A virus (IAV) in humans preferentially replicates in the upper respiratory tract (URT) but mouse models of infection result in lower respiratory tract infection. Here, we optimize IAV inoculation to enhance replication in the nasal turbinate (NT) and study local B cell immunity. We demonstrate that URT-targeted IAV infection stimulates robust local B cell responses, including germinal center (GC) B cell formation in the NT, outside of classical nasal-associated lymphoid tissues. NT GC contributes to local tissue-resident B cell generation and enhances local antibody production. Furthermore, URT-focused immunization also induces significant GC formation in the NT. Finally, we detect steady-state GC in the NT of both mice and healthy humans, suggesting continuous immune surveillance triggered by environmental stimuli. These findings highlight the pivotal role of the NT in local and systemic immunity, with important implications for future mucosal vaccines targeting the upper airways.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.