SynthesisBMC cardiovascular disorders2025
Immunotherapy and vaccine-based approaches for atherosclerosis prevention: a systematic review study.
Synthesis in BMC cardiovascular disorders, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- CD8Nature reviews. Cardiology · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
introductionCardiovascular disease is a major global health issue, and atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular conditions. Traditional approaches for managing atherosclerosis have limitations, creating a need for alternative preventive strategies such as vaccines.
methodsThe authors conducted a systematic review following Cochrane Handbook and PRISMA guidelines. They searched multiple databases for studies on preventive vaccines against atherosclerosis, including clinical trials and experimental models. The search period was from 1950 to August 2024.
resultsAfter screening and evaluation, 47 studies were included in the systematic review. The studies investigated various vaccine candidates and immunization strategies. Vaccination goals involve targeting proteins that are found in higher quantities in individuals with atherosclerosis, such as oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein B-100, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type-9 serine protease (PCSK9), cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), and heat shock proteins HSP60 and HSP65. The review highlights the potential of vaccines in preventing atherosclerosis by targeting specific antigens, modulating lipoprotein metabolism, and enhancing immune responses. Promising approaches included PCSK9 inhibitors, virus-like particle (VLP)-based vaccines, and gene-editing techniques. Monoclonal antibodies like alirocumab, designed to inhibit PCSK9, were also effective in reducing LDL cholesterol levels.
conclusionThis systematic review provides insights into the progress, challenges, and future directions of preventive vaccine research against atherosclerosis. The findings support the development of effective vaccines to complement existing preventive strategies and reduce the global burden of cardiovascular diseases. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: It is not applicable.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.