Identifying barriers and enablers to cardiac rehabilitation participation and completion unique to South Asian individuals: a qualitative systematic review.

aimsSouth Asian individuals living outside the Indian subcontinent are under-represented in cardiac rehabilitation (CR), despite facing higher rates of cardiac-related mortality and hospitalizations compared with White ethnic groups. Understanding how cultural differences affect CR participation and completion after referral requires the examination of barriers and enablers specific to South Asian populations. This review aims to summarize evidence on barriers and enablers to CR for South Asian minorities outside the Indian subcontinent. METHODS AND

resultsA systematic review of six databases (MEDLINE, CINAHL, APA PsycINFO, Cochrane, Scopus, and Web of Science) was conducted in January 2024 (updated November 2024), with no language or date limitations. Studies from countries outside the Indian subcontinent were included. Barriers and enablers were identified, followed by thematic analysis. Thirteen studies (n = 384 South Asian participants) from the UK (n = 10) and Canada (n = 3) were included. Five key themes were generated: (i) communication and knowledge, (ii) motivation to attend CR or follow medical advice, (iii) religion, (iv) programme delivery, and (v) practical considerations. Key factors influencing CR participation included language barriers, family support, fatalistic beliefs, and motivation. Each theme encapsulates barriers and enablers and shapes participation at both service and patient level. While some barriers were common across different ethnic groups, they had stronger impact on South Asians due to distinct social determinants of health.

conclusionBarriers and enablers are closely linked to cultural and societal norms. Recognizing these factors enables CR services to better address the needs of underserved populations, ensuring equitable healthcare provision and support. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO CRD42023482611.