SynthesisAdvances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.)2025
Dietary Sugar Intake and Incident Type 2 Diabetes Risk: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies.
Synthesis in Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- The oral und systemic health risks of sugar consumption: an umbrella review.Clinical oral investigations · 2026Pooled it
- Effects of Dietary Fruit and Vegetable Consumption on Prediabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- The Impact of Sugar Source on the Relationships Between Free Sugars Intake and Health: A Secondary Analysis.Nutrients · 2026Pooled it
- Purchasing sugar-sweetened beverages in Island Lake Anisininew First Nations.International journal of circumpolar health · 2026Article
- Dietary Quality Along a Plant-Based Continuum: The Role of Added Salt, Oil, and Sugar in Chronic Disease Risk.Nutrients · 2026Review
- Review
- Sugar reduction in complex food systems: linking metabolic mechanisms, matrix engineering, and safety evaluation.NPJ science of food · 2026Review
- [Nutrition recommendations for people with diabetes (Update 2026)].Wiener klinische Wochenschrift · 2026Review
- Free Sugars Consumption and Type 2 Diabetes: What Are the Concerns and How Strong is the Evidence?Current nutrition reports · 2026Review
- Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes in women of childbearing age, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis from the global burden of disease study 2021.Frontiers in global women's health · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The dose-response relationship between dietary sugar and type 2 diabetes (T2D) risk is uncertain. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, Web of Science and Cochrane databases were searched through July 9, 2024 for prospective cohort studies reporting relative measures of incident T2D risk by categories of dietary sugar (total, free, added, fructose, sucrose) or 2 beverage sources (non-diet sugar-sweetened beverages [SSBs], fruit juice) in healthy adults. Linear and restricted cubic spline dose-response models were fitted for each exposure, and study-specific slopes and confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Heterogeneity was evaluated using Q-statistics. Risk of bias was evaluated using the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Exposures (ROBINS-E) tool. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach was applied to assess the certainty of evidence. Of 10,384 studies, 29 cohorts were included: SSB: 18 (n = 541,288); fruit juice: 14 (n = 490,413); sucrose: 7 (n = 223,238); total sugar: 4 (n = 109,858); fructose: 5 (n = 158,136); and added sugar: 2 (n = 31,004). Studies were conducted in Europe (13), United States (11), Asia (6), Australia (4), and Latin America (3). Each additional serving of SSB and fruit juice was associated with a higher risk of T2D (risk ratio [RR]: 1.25; 95% CI: 1.17, 1.35 and RR: 1.05; 95% CI: >1.00, 1.11, respectively; moderate certainty). In contrast, 20 g/d intakes of total sugar and sucrose were inversely associated with T2D (RR: 0.96; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.98; low certainty; and RR: 0.95; 95% CI: 0.91, <1.00; moderate certainty, respectively). No associations were found for added sugar (RR: 0.99; 95% CI: 0.96, 1.01; low certainty) or fructose (RR: 0.98; 95% CI: 0.83, 1.15; very low certainty). These findings suggest that dietary sugar consumed as a beverage (SSB and fruit juice) is associated with incident T2D risk. The results do not support the common assumption that dietary sugar (i.e., total sugar and sucrose), irrespective of type and amount, is consistently associated with increased T2D risk. This study was registered in PROSPERO as CRD42023401800.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.