Observational studyBMC women's health2025
Early menopause is associated with higher disease activity independent of inflammation in postmenopausal-onset rheumatoid arthritis.
Observational study in BMC women's health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.
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Who cites it
3 citing papers in PubMed.
- Menopause status and its role in incident Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease severity, and overall mortality in women with RA.Seminars in arthritis and rheumatism · 2026Article
- Categorization of rheumatoid arthritis into mild, moderate, and severe conditions to discriminate specificity and sensitivity of routine diagnostic serum biomarkers.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2025Article
- Rebalancing immunity: The emerging role of selective estrogen receptor modulators in immunity and autoimmunity.Current trends in immunology · 2025Article
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Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveEarly menopause (EM, age ≤ 45 years) is associated with an increased risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We aimed to investigate its impact on disease characteristics in RA patients.
methodsThis cross-sectional study included natural post-menopausal RA patients from an observational RA cohort recruited between January 2015 and October 2023. Demographic characteristics and clinical data were collected. Patients were divided into EM and usual menopause (UM, menopause age > 45 years) groups. Patients-reported outcomes (PROs, included patient global assessment of disease activity [PtGA], pain visual analogue scale [VAS] and Stanford health assessment questionnaire disability index [HAQ-DI]), and PROs-associated indicators (included 28-joint tender joint count [TJC28] and provider global assessment of disease activity [PrGA]) were assessed.
resultsAmong 1427 female RA patients, 557 natural post-menopausal RA patients were enrolled. The peak menopause age was between 46 and 50 years, with RA incidence peaking 5 years post-menopause. Compared with UM patients, RA patients with natural EM (n = 98,17.6%) exhibited more serious disease, including worse PROs and PROs-associated indicators, as well as higher C-reactive protein (CRP, all P < 0.05). Among 344 (61.8%) patients with RA onset after menopause, EM patients (n = 62, 18.0%) were characterized with worse PROs and PROs-associated indicators than those with UM patients (all P < 0.05), but no difference in inflammatory makers. Multivariate linear regression showed that menopause age was independently and negatively associated with PROs, including PtGA (β = -0.872, 95% CI -1.619, -0.125), HAQ-DI (β = -0.646, 95% CI -1.059, -0.233) in RA patients especially in those onset after menopause (PtGA [β = -1.028, 95% CI -2.022, -0.034]; HAQ-DI [β = -0.916, 95% CI -1.461, -0.370]).
conclusionEarly menopause impacts on PROs independent of inflammation in patients with RA especially in those with postmenopausal-onset RA, which imply the importance of differentiation of non-inflammatory disease activity.
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