ArticleBMC public health2025
Exploring reported causes of vaccine hesitancy among European adolescents and parents: results of a citizen science project.
Article in BMC public health, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed.
- The parent attitudes about childhood vaccines survey at 15: A summary of its use, reach, and scope.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Review
- Vaccine confidence and information sources among children and adolescents: A national cross-sectional survey.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2026Article
- Attitudes and behaviors of adolescents with asthma and their parents toward influenza and COVID-19 vaccination: barriers and facilitators of uptake.BMC pediatrics · 2026Article
- Improving Vaccine Knowledge Among Adolescents: A Pre-Post School-Based Educational Intervention in Southern Italy.Vaccines · 2026Article
- Ethical analysis of childhood vaccination information processes among Turkish parents in the United States.Frontiers in public health · 2026Article
- Vaccine Hesitancy and Refusal Among Parents of Children Aged 5-11 Years: Evidence from the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Calabria Region.Vaccines · 2025Article
- Parental concerns, behaviours, and attitudes associated with childhood vaccinations in Albania: a cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Causes and consequences of undervaccination in adults.Revista espanola de quimioterapia : publicacion oficial de la Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia · 2025Review
- Digital Health Literacy of Adolescents and Its Association with Vaccination Literacy: The First Evidence from Lithuania.Epidemiologia (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Review
- Article
- Characteristics of Vaccine-Hesitant and Nonhesitant Parents in Italy: A Cross-Sectional Study.Nursing researchArticle
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
11 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundProgress in pediatric immunization is threatened by vaccine hesitancy. While recent estimates show 14-35% of European parents exhibit some degree of hesitancy, little is known about adolescents. We assessed vaccine hesitancy and associated factors in European adolescents and parents through the online Science4Pandemics platform.
methodsWe conducted two cross-sectional surveys. One in individuals aged ≥ 12 and < 18 years, using a non-validated questionnaire adapted from the Parent Attitudes about Childhood Vaccines (PACV); and another using the PACV questionnaire in parents aged ≥ 18 years, who were not necessarily related to the adolescents.
results1877 adolescents from Italy, Portugal, Poland and Spain were included. Of these, 45.9% were aged 12-14 years, and 54.1% were 15-17 years. The prevalence of hesitancy (adapted PACV score ≥ 50%) was 20.8% (390 individuals). Hesitancy prevalence varied between countries, from 12.5% in Spain to 31.6% in Poland (p < 0.001). Geographic region was the only associated factor for hesitancy [Odds Ratio (OR) for Polish adolescents: 3.20 (95%CI: 2.29, 4.51); OR for Italian adolescents: 2.28 (95%CI: 1.62, 3.24); OR for Portuguese adolescents: 1.13 (95%CI: 0.77, 1.66); all compared to Spanish adolescents]. Country remained the only associated factor in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. In contrast, 1135 parents of children under 18 were included, with hesitancy observed in 20.4% (232 individuals). The main associated factors for hesitancy, both in the univariate and multivariate analyses, were country of residence [OR for Italian parents: 2.34 (95%CI: 1.47, 3.80); OR for Polish parents: 2.69 (95%CI: 1.70, 4.36); OR for Portuguese parents: 2.26 (95%CI: 1.41, 3.68); all compared to Spanish parents], and age, with older parents being less hesitant (OR: 0.97, 95%CI: 0.96, 1.00). In both parents and adolescents, the main reasons for vaccine hesitancy were fear of vaccine side effects (56.1% in adolescents, 51.9% in parents) and lack of trust in government recommendations (21.9% in adolescents, 22.8% in parents).
conclusionsVaccine hesitancy in adolescents and parents in Europe is prevalent, with country of residence as a key influencing factor. Targeted strategies to educate both groups about immunization benefits and its side effects are essential, considering the heterogeneity across countries and reasons for hesitancy.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What Socratic holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.