SynthesisInternational breastfeeding journal2025
Non-exclusive breastfeeding is associated with pneumonia and asthma in under-five children: an umbrella review of systematic review and meta-analysis.
Synthesis in International breastfeeding journal, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Review
- Burden of neonatal pneumonia and risk factors for severe disease in low - and middle - income country.Le infezioni in medicina · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundDespite numerous reviews examining the impact of exclusive breastfeeding on preventing childhood pneumonia and asthma, a comprehensive and up-to-date synthesis is lacking. This umbrella review aims to consolidate the current evidence on the link between non-exclusive breastfeeding and the risk of pneumonia and asthma in under-five children.
methodsA comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar to identify systematic review and meta-analysis (SRM) studies evaluating the effect of exclusive breastfeeding on preventing childhood pneumonia and asthma globally. The latest search was conducted on January 25/2025. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews Two (AMSTAR-2) tool. A weighted inverse variance random-effects model was employed to generate pooled estimates. Summary effect estimates were expressed using odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We evaluated the quality of evidence for each association using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations (GRADE) framework, categorising it as convincing (class I), highly suggestive (class II), suggestive (class III), and weak (class IV).
resultsTwelve SRMs, including 270 primary studies with over ten million participants, were analysed. The random-effects model revealed a highly suggestive association between non-exclusive breastfeeding and an increase in the risk of pneumonia (OR 2.34; 95% CI 1.89, 2.78, GRADE: highly suggestive). Similarly, there was highly suggestive evidence that non-exclusive breastfeeding was associated with a 29% higher risk of childhood asthma (OR 1.21; 95% CI 1.07, 1.34, GRADE: highly suggestive).
conclusionOur results highlighted that non-exclusive breastfeeding is associated with an increased risk of pneumonia and asthma in under-five children. These findings emphasise the critical role of exclusive breastfeeding in reducing the risk of respiratory health issues, highlighting the need for policies and initiatives that promote breastfeeding as a key strategy for improving children's health outcomes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.