Evidence mapPaperPMID 40152409Full record

ArticleJournal of diabetes science and technology2025

Unlocking Real-Time Data Access in Diabetes Management: Toward an Interoperability Model.

Pietro Randine, Miriam Kopperstad Wolff, Matthias Pocs, Ian R O Connell, Joseph A Cafazzo, Eirik Årsand

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of diabetes science and technology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 3 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
3citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

3 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Review
  2. Review
  3. Towards better Diabetes Data Rights: Data protection, data 'ownership', and developing a patient charter.Diabetic medicine : a journal of the British Diabetic Association · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

6 authors.

Pietro RandineDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.ORCID 0000-0001-7188-0138
Miriam Kopperstad WolffDepartment of ICT and Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.ORCID 0009-0000-6919-8164
Matthias PocsSTELAR Security Technology Law Research, Hamburg, Germany.ORCID 0000-0001-5582-9869
Ian R O ConnellDepartment of Medical Biophysics, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-7722-3603
Joseph A CafazzoBiomedical Engineering, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-3114-4440
Eirik ÅrsandDepartment of Computer Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.ORCID 0000-0002-9520-1408

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundIn today's data-driven era, openness promotes transparency and accessibility, particularly in health initiatives like the European Health Data Space. Diabetes management relies on real-time data from medical devices, such as continuous glucose monitors (CGMs), insulin pumps, and hybrid closed-loop systems. These devices provide critical insights for treatment adjustments, making real-time data access essential.

methodsThis article explores real-time data access for third-party applications, focusing on primary (treatment) and secondary (research) use. We examine how application programming interfaces (APIs) enable secure data retrieval and assess the impact of terms of service and copyright law on patient-driven innovation in open-source communities. Our research evaluates diabetes medical devices and software solutions in Norway, assessing their real-time data access and API functionalities. In addition, we analyze legal frameworks governing these technologies, focusing on challenges faced by open-source solutions. Based on our findings, we propose an interoperability model to improve data accessibility while ensuring security and transparency.

resultsFindings reveal seven diabetes devices and nine regulated software solutions, with only one offering a publicly accessible API. This emphasizes a significant gap in real-time data access. Comparisons between vendor-specific and open-source software expose interoperability and accessibility challenges. While Do-It-Yourself (DIY) solutions foster innovation, they face technical and legal barriers.

conclusionReal-time diabetes management presents security, transparency, and access challenges. Regulatory decisions are needed to implement an interoperability model. The lack of real-time data access highlights the necessity of publicly accessible APIs that prioritize transparency, accessibility, and patient-driven innovation-marking a shift from today's constrained diabetes management landscape.

Indexed as

diabetes managementFHIR (Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources)interoperabilityopennessreal-time data access

Identifiers

PMID40152409
PMCPMC11954377

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.