ArticleEye (London, England)2025
The global burden and attributable risk factor analysis of age-related macular degeneration in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2021.
Article in Eye (London, England), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 4 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
4 citing papers in PubMed.
- Cost-Effectiveness of the Smaller-Incision New Generation Implantable Miniature Telescope for Late-Stage Age-Related Macular Degeneration.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Equity in Uptake of NHS and Private Optometry Services in Wales by Age and Gender.Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians (Optometrists) · 2026Article
- Tomographic phenotypes and conditional time to atrophic conversion in dry age-related macular degeneration among progressors: an interval-censored study.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Formulation of α-Linolenic Acid-Based Microemulsions for Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Physicochemical Tests and HET-CAM Assays for Anti-Angiogenic Activities.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2025Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesTo report the global burden of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and associated risk factors between 1990 and 2021 by age, sex, and sociodemographic index (SDI) and to investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on AMD burden.
methodsData on disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of AMD were obtained from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Joinpoint regression determined annual percentage change (APC) and average annual percentage change (AAPC). ARIMA model projected AMD burden trends, with additional analyses for frontier, decomposition, and health inequality.
resultsGlobally, AMD accounted for 578.02 (95% UI: 401.24-797.57) thousand DALYs in 2021, driven by population growth and aging. Age-standardized DALY rates (ASDRs) fell from 1990 to 2021 (AAPC: -0.69, 95%CI: -0.77 to -0.6), but increased in high-middle and middle SDI regions during the initial two years of the pandemic. ARIMA model forecasts a worldwide decline in ASDRs over the next 29 years. Sex disparities were significant, with women having continuously higher ASDRs, especially from 2019 to 2021. Despite some reduction in health inequality, an inverse SDI-ASDR relationship indicated ongoing socioeconomic disparities. Frontier analysis showed improvement potential across growth stages. Smoking-related AMD burden decreased globally, with a correlation between national ASDRs and PM
conclusionsASDRs due to AMD have decreased over the past 32 years, while DALYs have substantially increased. The burden is more heavily tilted toward women, the elderly, and less-developed countries, with COVID-19 further intensifying the situation. Addressing the burden requires focusing on smoking cessation and air quality improvements.
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