Evidence mapPaperPMID 40168679Full record

SynthesisNutrition reviews2025

Does Medication Status Impact the Effectiveness of Nuts in Altering Blood Pressure and Lipids? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Hoi Y Wong, Alison M Coates, Sharayah Carter, Alison M Hill

Abstract readSystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Nutrition reviews, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Hoi Y WongAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-5968-3446
Alison M CoatesAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-1031-2545
Sharayah CarterAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-8169-4483
Alison M HillAlliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA), Clinical and Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia.ORCID 0000-0002-6732-4224

Funding

Almond Board of CaliforniaInternational Nut and Dried Fruit CouncilPeanut Company of Australia
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

contextNut consumption is attributed to improvements in risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD), including high blood pressure (BP) and dyslipidemia. However, it is unclear whether these effects are altered with concurrent treatment with BP and lipid-lowering medication.

objectiveWe sought to investigate the effects of the consumption of whole tree nuts and peanuts (collectively termed nuts) on BP and lipids, and whether BP and lipid-lowering medication use alters these effects. DATA SOURCES: The MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science databases were systematically searched through June 21, 2023, for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of nut consumption on BP and/or lipids. DATA EXTRACTION: Random effects meta-analyses (mean difference, 95% confidence interval [CI]) were conducted, with subgroup analyses based on reported participant use of BP or lipid-lowering medication, including medicated, unmedicated, unreported (ie, use not specified), and mixed (ie, included combined data from medicated and unmedicated participants). A total of 115 studies were included in the review, of which 109 were meta-analysed. DATA ANALYSIS: Nut consumption significantly reduced triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and apolipoprotein B, with no effect on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol or blood pressure. Few studies were conducted in medicated participants only (n = 1 for lipid outcomes only), and for the studies including both medicated and unmedicated participants (ie, mixed), outcomes by medication use were not reported. Significant differences in TG and apolipoprotein B were observed between medication use groups, with nut consumption resulting in the largest reductions in unmedicated participants. Strong heterogeneity was observed with no evidence of publication bias.

conclusionsLipid-lowering, but not BP-lowering benefits of nut consumption were observed; however, few studies reported the effect based on participants' medication status. Future studies are required to determine if there are additional benefits of including nuts in the diet of medicated patients with cardiovascular disease. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registration code CRD42022296849.

Indexed as

Antihypertensive AgentsBlood PressureDyslipidemiasHypertensionHypolipidemic AgentsLipidsNutsCardiovascular DiseasesHumansMiddle AgedRandomized Controlled Trials as TopicAntihypertensive AgentsHypolipidemic AgentsLipidsblood pressurecardiovascular diseasescholesterolmedicationnuts

Identifiers

PMID40168679
PMCPMC12422015

What Socratic holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.