Health and incarceration research in Australia: a scoping review.

Background: People who experience incarceration often have complex healthcare needs and poorer health than the general population. Australia has the eighth-largest custodial population in the Western Pacific. Understanding the breadth and quality of research on this population's health is crucial for advancing health equity both in Australia and across the region. This scoping review synthesised health research involving people in contact with the criminal justice system in Australia. Methods: We searched eight databases for primary, peer-reviewed research reporting on the health of people incarcerated or previously incarcerated in Australian prisons or youth detention settings. Findings: Our search identified 11,731 unique records, and 508 met the inclusion criteria. Over half (51%) were published between 2015 and 2024. Relatively few studies provided evidence on cognitive disabilities (16%), non-communicable diseases (14%), or sexual and reproductive health (6%). Few focused on youth detention (15%) or post-release health (24%). Only 27 studies (5%) focused exclusively on the health of First Nations Australians. Most studies (86%) came from Australia's most populous states-New South Wales, Queensland, and Victoria-which account for 68% of people incarcerated each year, and 58% of incarcerated First Nations peoples. Interpretation: Despite considerable growth in the number of peer-reviewed studies on the health of people who experience incarceration, critical health issues, key populations, and Australian jurisdictions with the highest incarceration rates require urgent attention. Further high-quality research is needed to fill these evidence gaps and translate research into evidence-based strategies that address the complex and diverse health needs of justice-involved people. Funding: SP was supported by a Australian Government Research Training Program Scholarship.