Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40176987›Full record

ReviewFrontiers in cellular and infection microbiology2025

Beyond antibiotics: exploring multifaceted approaches to combat bacterial resistance in the modern era: a comprehensive review.

Aref Yarahmadi, Hamide Najafiyan, Mohammad Hasan Yousefi, Elham Khosravi, Ehsan Shabani, Hamed Afkhami, Seyed Soheil Aghaei

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 28 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
28citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

28 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Review
  3. Review
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. Review
  8. Review
  9. Multidrug-ResistantPolish journal of microbiology · 2026
    Review
  10. Article
  11. Review
  12. Article
  13. Review
  14. Article
  15. Review
  16. Article
  17. Review
  18. Review
  19. Article
  20. Antibacterial and Antifungal Properties ofPharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Aref YarahmadiDepartment of Biology, Khorramabad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Khorramabad, Iran.
Hamide NajafiyanDepartment of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Mohammad Hasan YousefiDepartment of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
Elham KhosraviDepartment of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
Ehsan ShabaniDepartment of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Hamed AfkhamiCellular and Molecular Research Center, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran.
Seyed Soheil AghaeiDepartment of Microbiology, Qom Branch, Islamic Azad University, Qom, Iran.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Antibiotics represent one of the most significant medical breakthroughs of the twentieth century, playing a critical role in combating bacterial infections. However, the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance has become a major global health crisis, significantly complicating treatment protocols. This paper provides a narrative review of the current state of antibiotic resistance, synthesizing findings from primary research and comprehensive review articles to examine the various mechanisms bacteria employ to counteract antibiotics. One of the primary sources of antibiotic resistance is the improper use of antibiotics in the livestock industry. The emergence of drug-resistant microorganisms from human activities and industrial livestock production has presented significant environmental and public health concerns. Today, resistant nosocomial infections occur following long-term hospitalization of patients, causing the death of many people, so there is an urgent need for alternative treatments. In response to this crisis, non-antibiotic therapeutic strategies have been proposed, including bacteriophages, probiotics, postbiotics, synbiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), nanoparticles (NPs), antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), antibodies, traditional medicines, and the toxin-antitoxin (TA) system. While these approaches offer innovative solutions for addressing bacterial infections and preserving the efficacy of antimicrobial therapies, challenges such as safety, cost-effectiveness, regulatory hurdles, and large-scale implementation remain. This review examines the potential and limitations of these strategies, offering a balanced perspective on their role in managing bacterial infections and mitigating the broader impact of antibiotic resistance.

Indexed as

Anti-Bacterial AgentsBacteriaBacterial InfectionsDrug Resistance, BacterialAnimalsAntimicrobial PeptidesFecal Microbiota TransplantationHumansProbioticsAnti-Bacterial AgentsAntimicrobial Peptidesalternative treatmentsantibiotic resistancebacterial resistance mechanismsbiofilmnon-antibiotic therapies

Identifiers

PMID40176987
PMCPMC11962305

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.