ArticleJournal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)2025
Brief Report: HIV Incidence Among People Who Inject Drugs, San Francisco, 2022.
Article in Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999), 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
2 citing papers in PubMed.
- Incidence of HIV and HCV Among People Who Inject Drugs in Montreal, Canada: Data From the HEPCO Longitudinal Cohort Study, 2011-2025.Journal of viral hepatitis · 2026Article
- HIV Infection, Neurotoxicity, Inflammation, Premature Aging, and Therapeutic Challenges to PLWH: An Overview.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundOverall progress in getting to zero new HIV infections in San Francisco has been made since 2012. However, among people who inject drugs (PWID), there has been no clear downward trend in new HIV infections in recent years. Direct measures of the rate of HIV acquisition and characterization of factors associated with higher rates among PWID are needed to help achieve HIV elimination.
methodsThis study is a secondary analysis of the National HIV Behavioral Surveillance survey of PWID in San Francisco in 2022. HIV incidence is estimated using age of first injection drug use and date of first HIV-positive test or interview date as the exposure period. Factors associated with HIV seroconversion were identified by Cox regression.
resultsOf 518 PWID, 12 newly tested HIV positive in the survey and 38 reported a prior positive test. HIV incidence was calculated as 0.46 per 100 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.35 to 0.61). HIV incidence rates were significantly higher among PWID who were men who have sex with men (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 15.98, 95% Cl 7.77 to 32.87, P < 0.001), transgender (aHR 8.64, 95% Cl 2.76 to 27.08, P < 0.001), and Hispanic (aHR 2.85, 95% Cl 1.23 to 6.63, P < 0.001).
conclusionsWe found a moderate HIV incidence of ∼5 per 1000 person-years among PWID in San Francisco, with significantly higher rates among sexual, gender, and ethnic minority groups of PWID. Further progress in getting to zero new HIV infections will require more vigorous scale-up of effective prevention interventions, such as PrEP, specifically reaching vulnerable groups of PWID.
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