Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40212008›Full record

SynthesisDiabetes, obesity & metabolism2025

Comparative efficacy and tolerability of currently approved incretin mimetics: A systematic analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials.

Yu Mi Kang, Viktoria Punov, Soo Lim, Michael A Nauck

Abstract readComparative StudySystematic ReviewMeta-Analysis
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Synthesis in Diabetes, obesity & metabolism, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 8 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
8citing papers in PubMed, 2 pooled it
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

8 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Review
  6. Review
  7. A Clinical Comprehensive Evaluation of Long-Acting GLP-1 Receptor Agonists in Type 2 Diabetes Management.Diabetes, metabolic syndrome and obesity : targets and therapy · 2026
    Article
  8. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Yu Mi KangDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension and TIMI Study Group, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6272-0666
Viktoria PunovDiabetes, Endocrinology, Metabolism Section Medical Department I, Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.
Soo LimSeoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, South Korea.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4137-1671
Michael A NauckDiabetes, Endocrinology, Metabolism Section Medical Department I, Josef-Hospital, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5749-6954

Funding

TRAINING GRANT IN ACADEMIC ENDOCRINOLOGYT32DK007529 · BRIGHAM AND WOMEN'S HOSPITAL · 1986 to 2025
$1.5M
NIDDK NIH HHS 5T32DK007529NIDDK NIH HHS T32 DK007529
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

aimsThis study compares the therapeutic efficacy, gastrointestinal (GI) adverse event (AE) rates and the relationship between the therapeutic efficacy and GI AEs in randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of GLP-1 RAs and the dual GLP-1/GIP agonist tirzepatide. MATERIALS AND

methodsA systematic PubMed search identified 38 phase 3 or 4 placebo-controlled RCTs of exenatide (b.i.d. and q.w.), lixisenatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, albiglutide, semaglutide (s.c. and oral) and tirzepatide with a total of 16 660 individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) across 104 study arms. Changes in HbA1c, fasting plasma glucose and body weight and the proportion of GI AEs (nausea, vomiting or diarrhoea) were calculated by agent, preparation and dose. The correlation between odds ratios (ORs) for GI AEs and the magnitude of therapeutic efficacy was assessed in a linear regression analysis.

resultsBaseline characteristics were similar across studies: mean age 57 ± 10 years, diabetes duration 8 ± 6 years, body mass index (BMI) 31.9 ± 5.8 kg/m

conclusionsThe magnitude of efficacy for intended therapeutic actions (HbA1c and body weight reduction) varied widely between incretin mimetic glucose-lowering agents. However, larger therapeutic efficacy was not systematically associated with higher GI AE or drug discontinuation rates, indicating better tolerability of the more effective agents/preparations.

Indexed as

Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Hypoglycemic AgentsIncretinsBlood GlucoseClinical Trials, Phase III as TopicDiarrheaExenatideFemaleGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlucagon-Like Peptide-2 ReceptorGlucagon-Like PeptidesGlycated HemoglobinHumansImmunoglobulin Fc FragmentsLiraglutideBlood GlucosedulaglutideExenatideGlucagon-Like Peptide 1Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor AgonistsGlucagon-Like Peptide-2 ReceptorGlucagon-Like PeptidesGlycated Hemoglobinhemoglobin A1c protein, humanHypoglycemic AgentsImmunoglobulin Fc FragmentsIncretinsLiraglutidelixisenatidePeptidesRecombinant Fusion ProteinsrGLP-1 proteinSemaglutideTirzepatideGLP‐1 analogueincretin therapysystematic reviewtype 2 diabetesweight management

Identifiers

PMID40212008
PMCPMC12146062

What Socratic holds

Texttitle and abstract
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.