Evidence map›Paper›PMID 40233002›Full record

ArticleDiabetes care2025

Influence of Maternal Glycemia on Breast Milk Composition and Volume Ingested by Infants of Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes.

Lois E Donovan, Rhonda C Bell, Jennifer M Yamamoto, Patricia Lemieux, Josephine Ho, Denice S Feig, Heidi Virtanen, Susan Crawford, Raylene A Reimer

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Diabetes care, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Lois E DonovanDepartment of Medicine, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-8911-8192
Rhonda C BellDivision of Human Nutrition, Department of Agricultural, Food, and Nutritional Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
Jennifer M YamamotoDepartments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-3556-0820
Patricia LemieuxDepartment of Medicine, University Laval, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-4448-9437
Josephine HoDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Denice S FeigDepartment of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Heidi VirtanenDivision of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Susan CrawfordData and Analytics, Alberta Health Services, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Raylene A ReimerFaculty of Kinesiology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.

Funding

Calgary Health Foundation
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo examine relationships between maternal glucose and breast milk composition and volume ingested by infants of mothers with type 1 diabetes (T1D), and to compare breast milk composition in women with and without T1D. RESEARCH DESIGN AND

methodsMidfeed breast milk samples were collected from 11 mothers with T1D. Maternal continuous glucose monitoring data were correlated with breast milk composition and volume ingested. Breast milk composition was compared between the women with T1D and five without T1D.

resultsForty-seven breast milk samples from mothers with T1D were analyzed. Maternal glucose 90-120 min before breastfeeding correlated with breast milk glucose and fructose but not with lactose, protein, fatty acids, leptin, or volume consumed. Breast milk leptin correlated with volume of breast milk consumed (r = 0.394; P = 0.008). Higher breast milk glucose (1.0 ± 0.3 vs. 0.7 ± 0.3 mg/mL) and leptin (463.6 ± 480.0 vs. 114.4 ± 68.6 pg/mL) were found in women with versus without T1D.

conclusionsMaternal glucose is associated with breast milk glucose and fructose in women with T1D but not with volume of breast milk consumed.

Indexed as

Blood GlucoseDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Milk, HumanAdultBreast FeedingFemaleFructoseGlucoseHumansInfantInfant, NewbornLeptinBlood GlucoseFructoseGlucoseLeptin

Identifiers

PMID40233002
PMCPMC12281972

What Socratic holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the Socratic graph.